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TCRP Report 142: Vehicle Operator Recruitment, Retention, and Performance in ADA Complementary Paratransit Operations (2010)
Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP)

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Weiner, Richard, Koffman, David, Thatcher, Russell H, Procopio, Thomas, Ferris, Caroline, Davis, Mary, Morris, Clementine, Rodman, Will, Jacobson, Lisa, Golden, Marilyn, Transportation Research Board. "Best Practice: Early and Ongoing Input and Involvement." TCRP Report 142: Vehicle Operator Recruitment, Retention, and Performance in ADA Complementary Paratransit Operations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2010.

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Page
96
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Page
96
Front Matter (R1-R12)
Summary (1-4)
Study Issues, Goals, and Methodology (5-5)
Organization of the Report (6-7)
An Overview of Paratransit Vehicle Operator Issues (8-8)
FTA ADA Paratransit Compliance Reviews (9-9)
Demographic Factors Affecting Availability of Qualified Workers (10-10)
Impact of Management Characteristics and Practices (11-11)
Shortage of Vehicle Operators in Other Sectors: Fixed-Route Transit, School Bus, and Trucking (12-12)
Successful Approaches to Recruiting and Retaining Transit Vehicle Operators (13-13)
Workforce Planning: A Tool for Facilitating Vehicle Operator Availability (14-14)
Successful Approaches Cited in Other Transportation Sectors (15-17)
Attractiveness of the Operator Position (18-18)
How Providers Attract Applicants (19-19)
Factors Adversely Affecting Operator Satisfaction and Performance (20-20)
Implications of Findings (21-22)
Responses (23-23)
Workforce Status (24-24)
Pre-Qualification Requirements (25-25)
Training Completion Rates (26-26)
Annual Post-Training Turnover Rates (27-27)
Use of Split Shifts (28-29)
Pay Rates (30-30)
Impact of Wages on Turnover (31-31)
Union Representation and Impacts on Wages (32-32)
Types of Fringe Benefits Provided (33-33)
Level of Fringe Benefits Provided (34-34)
Relationship Between Paratransit and Fixed-Route Workforces (35-36)
Factors That Impact Vehicle Operator Recruitment (37-38)
Efforts Made to Improve Recruitment (39-40)
Factors That Impact Vehicle Operator Retention (41-41)
Efforts Made To Improve Retention (42-44)
Innovative Procurement Strategies (45-48)
Developing an Employee Profile and Pre-Qualifications (49-49)
Competitive Wages (50-50)
Recruitment Efforts (51-51)
Providing Effective Training and Tools (52-52)
Training (53-53)
Workable Schedules (54-54)
Management Support (55-55)
Underlying Causal Factors That Impact Vehicle Operator Recruitment and Retention (56-56)
Compensation, Turnover, Productivity, and Total Cost (57-57)
Compensation and Recruitment and Training Costs (58-58)
Purpose of the Analysis and Data Sources (59-59)
Regression Analysis (60-60)
Starting Wage, Provider Type, and Turnover (61-61)
Health Care Coverage, Provider Type, and Turnover (62-62)
Summary of Findings (63-64)
Methodology (65-65)
Productivity Results - DART, Dallas, TX (66-67)
Productivity Results - LYNX, Orlando, FL (68-68)
Methodology (69-69)
On-Time Performance Results - LYNX, Orlando, FL (70-70)
Complaint Rate Results - DART, Dallas, TX (71-71)
Summary of Findings (72-73)
Methodology (74-74)
Charlotte Area Transit System Special Transportation Service (75-76)
MV Transportation, Denver, CO (77-77)
Veolia Transportation, Baltimore, MD (78-78)
Observations (79-79)
The Other Costs of Turnover (80-80)
Characteristics of Successful ADA Paratransit Operators (81-82)
Effective Recruiting Approaches (83-86)
Comprehensive Pre-Employment Screening (87-87)
Realistic Job Previews (88-89)
Compensation (90-91)
Training in Advanced Technologies (92-92)
Providing a Supportive Work Environment (93-95)
Best Practice: Early and Ongoing Input and Involvement (96-96)
Best Practice: Mentoring (97-98)
Chapter 9 - Benefits and Issues Related to Workforce Integration and Wage Parity (99-99)
Costs and Benefits of Workforce Integration and Wage Parity (100-102)
Varieties of Integration (103-103)
Instituting Full Workforce Integration and Wage Parity: Chelan-Douglas Public Transit Benefit Area (Link Transit), Wenatchee, WA (104-104)
Integration of an Alternative to Paratransit: The City of Annapolis Department of Transportation (Annapolis Transit), Annapolis, MD (105-105)
The Dynamics of Recently Instituting Wage Parity: Utah Transit Authority (UTA), Salt Lake City, UT (106-107)
Approach and Methodology (108-108)
Lessons Learned (109-110)
Denver Regional Transportation District (RTD), Denver, CO (111-111)
Community Transit, Everett, WA (112-112)
Access Services, Inc. (ASI), Los Angeles, CA (113-114)
Madison Metro Transit, Madison, WI (115-115)
Orange County Transportation Authority (OCTA), Orange County, CA (116-116)
Palm Tran CONNECTION, Lake Worth, FL (117-117)
City of Phoenix Public Transit Department, Phoenix, AZ (118-118)
San Diego Metropolitan Transit System, San Diego, CA (119-119)
San Mateo County Transit District (SamTrans), San Mateo, CA (120-121)
King County Metro Transit (Metro), Seattle/King County, WA (122-123)
Chapter 11 - Future Research Needs (124-125)
References (126-127)
Bibliography (128-128)
Appendixes (129-129)
Abbreviations used without definitions in TRB publications (130-130)

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96 Exhibit 8-2. (Continued). Requirements for the Kenodyne System Were passenger restraints secured to the floor just inside of the rear tie down straps? Were the seatbelt straps passed between the wheel and frame and then through the armrest? Was the female side of the seatbelt on the isle side of the chair? Was the seatbelt fastened securely to the isle side of the passenger at the hip? Was the shoulder strap secured into the bracket in the wall securely? Was it placed far enough back to allow the shoulder strap to come across the shoulder of the passenger? Was the shoulder strap placed across the chest and connected properly to the female side of the seatbelt? Were wheelchair and passenger secure and ready for transportation? Comments: ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ing and acting on concerns--also play a part in the cultivation strategy is a newsletter published by Special Transit in Denver, of a positive work environment. Some efforts can have an CO, an organization with an annual operator turnover rate immediate impact, but more often, changing the work envi- of less than 30 percent. The newsletter, published monthly ronment is something that requires time and requires ongoing on bright green paper, includes news that relates directly to effort to maintain. employees personally and to the organization overall. (See Exhibit 8-3 for a sample employee newsletter.) Employee Communication Best Practice: Early and Ongoing Input Keeping employees informed of matters that affect them and Involvement and their work is a tool that is easy to implement, yet often underutilized. The company newsletter is one way to create an One private contractor, SCR Transportation of Chicago, IL, environment in which employees feel in-the-know and con- begins inviting vehicle operator feedback as soon as training is nected. One example of an effective aspect of a communication completed. The company requests employee feedback in an Exhibit 8-3. Sample employee newsletter. Employee Newsletter One issue of Special Transit's newsletter includes a front-page article written by the Executive Director about the outcomes of the retreat held weeks before by the Board of Directors of Special Transit. The article speaks about the strategic goals set during the retreat, including action steps, responsibilities, and timelines for achieving those goals. Within the newsletter is an HR Corner, written by the Human Resources Manager, that includes recognition of employee birthdays, employment anniversary congratulations, names of new employees and those leaving the organization, and finally an inspirational message titled " A Lobster Tale: Shed Your Shell and Grow." The Safety page gives an update on Safety Bingo, an incentive designed to heighten awareness of safety practices in the organization, and provides other safety information related to driving laws in Colorado. Congratulations are given to an employee who recently received the "Go the Extra Mile Award," with a notation: "These awards are a way to show appreciation to our employees who go above and beyond the call of duty to move our mission forward." Other newsletter content relates to the design phase of the organization's building expansion project and a one-page profile of one of Special Transit's board members.