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ACRP
AIRPORT
COOPERATIVE
RESEARCH
PROGRAM
REPORT 35
Sponsored by
the Federal
Aviation
Administration
Planning for Offsite
Airport Terminals
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ACRP OVERSIGHT COMMITTEE* TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD 2010 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE*
CHAIR OFFICERS
James Wilding CHAIR: Michael R. Morris, Director of Transportation, North Central Texas Council of
Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority (re- Governments, Arlington
tired)
VICE CHAIR: Neil J. Pedersen, Administrator, Maryland State Highway Administration, Baltimore
VICE CHAIR EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: Robert E. Skinner, Jr., Transportation Research Board
Jeff Hamiel MEMBERS
MinneapolisSt. Paul
Metropolitan Airports Commission J. Barry Barker, Executive Director, Transit Authority of River City, Louisville, KY
Allen D. Biehler, Secretary, Pennsylvania DOT, Harrisburg
MEMBERS Larry L. Brown, Sr., Executive Director, Mississippi DOT, Jackson
James Crites Deborah H. Butler, Executive Vice President, Planning, and CIO, Norfolk Southern Corporation,
DallasFort Worth International Airport Norfolk, VA
Richard de Neufville William A.V. Clark, Professor, Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Kevin C. Dolliole
Eugene A. Conti, Jr., Secretary of Transportation, North Carolina DOT, Raleigh
Unison Consulting Nicholas J. Garber, Henry L. Kinnier Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, and Director,
John K. Duval Center for Transportation Studies, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
Austin Commercial, LP Jeffrey W. Hamiel, Executive Director, Metropolitan Airports Commission, Minneapolis, MN
Kitty Freidheim Paula J. Hammond, Secretary, Washington State DOT, Olympia
Freidheim Consulting
Steve Grossman
Edward A. (Ned) Helme, President, Center for Clean Air Policy, Washington, DC
Jacksonville Aviation Authority Adib K. Kanafani, Cahill Professor of Civil Engineering, University of California, Berkeley
Tom Jensen Susan Martinovich, Director, Nevada DOT, Carson City
National Safe Skies Alliance Debra L. Miller, Secretary, Kansas DOT, Topeka
Catherine M. Lang Sandra Rosenbloom, Professor of Planning, University of Arizona, Tucson
Federal Aviation Administration
Gina Marie Lindsey Tracy L. Rosser, Vice President, Corporate Traffic, Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., Mandeville, LA
Los Angeles World Airports Steven T. Scalzo, Chief Operating Officer, Marine Resources Group, Seattle, WA
Carolyn Motz Henry G. (Gerry) Schwartz, Jr., Chairman (retired), Jacobs/Sverdrup Civil, Inc., St. Louis, MO
Hagerstown Regional Airport Beverly A. Scott, General Manager and Chief Executive Officer, Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit
Richard Tucker Authority, Atlanta, GA
Huntsville International Airport
David Seltzer, Principal, Mercator Advisors LLC, Philadelphia, PA
EX OFFICIO MEMBERS Daniel Sperling, Professor of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science and Policy; Director, Institute of
Transportation Studies; and Interim Director, Energy Efficiency Center, University of California, Davis
Sabrina Johnson
Kirk T. Steudle, Director, Michigan DOT, Lansing
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Richard Marchi Douglas W. Stotlar, President and CEO, Con-Way, Inc., Ann Arbor, MI
Airports Council International--North America C. Michael Walton, Ernest H. Cockrell Centennial Chair in Engineering, University of Texas, Austin
Laura McKee
Air Transport Association of America EX OFFICIO MEMBERS
Henry Ogrodzinski
National Association of State Aviation Officials Peter H. Appel, Administrator, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, U.S.DOT
Melissa Sabatine J. Randolph Babbitt, Administrator, Federal Aviation Administration, U.S.DOT
American Association of Airport Executives Rebecca M. Brewster, President and COO, American Transportation Research Institute, Smyrna, GA
Robert E. Skinner, Jr. George Bugliarello, President Emeritus and University Professor, Polytechnic Institute of New York
Transportation Research Board
University, Brooklyn; Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Engineering, Washington, DC
SECRETARY
Anne S. Ferro, Administrator, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, U.S.DOT
LeRoy Gishi, Chief, Division of Transportation, Bureau of Indian Affairs, U.S. Department of the
Christopher W. Jenks
Interior, Washington, DC
Transportation Research Board
Edward R. Hamberger, President and CEO, Association of American Railroads, Washington, DC
John C. Horsley, Executive Director, American Association of State Highway and Transportation
Officials, Washington, DC
David T. Matsuda, Deputy Administrator, Maritime Administration, U.S.DOT
Victor M. Mendez, Administrator, Federal Highway Administration, U.S.DOT
William W. Millar, President, American Public Transportation Association, Washington, DC
Robert J. Papp (Adm., U.S. Coast Guard), Commandant, U.S. Coast Guard, U.S. Department of
Homeland Security, Washington, DC
Cynthia L. Quarterman, Administrator, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration,
U.S.DOT
Peter M. Rogoff, Administrator, Federal Transit Administration, U.S.DOT
David L. Strickland, Administrator, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S.DOT
Joseph C. Szabo, Administrator, Federal Railroad Administration, U.S.DOT
Polly Trottenberg, Assistant Secretary for Transportation Policy, U.S.DOT
Robert L. Van Antwerp (Lt. Gen., U.S. Army), Chief of Engineers and Commanding General,
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC
*Membership as of June 2010. *Membership as of July 2010.
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AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM
ACRP REPORT 35
Planning for Offsite
Airport Terminals
MarketSense Consulting LLC
Boston, MA
IN ASSOCIATION WITH
DMR Consulting
Pasadena, CA
Jacobs Consultancy
Burlingame, CA
Matthew A. Coogan
White River Junction, VT
AND
Resource Systems Group, Inc
White River Junction, VT
Subscriber Categories
Aviation
Research sponsored by the Federal Aviation Administration
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD
WASHINGTON, D.C.
2010
www.TRB.org
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AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM ACRP REPORT 35
Airports are vital national resources. They serve a key role in trans- Project 10-02
portation of people and goods and in regional, national, and inter- ISSN 1935-9802
national commerce. They are where the nation's aviation system ISBN 978-0-309-15488-8
connects with other modes of transportation and where federal respon- Library of Congress Control Number 2010931671
sibility for managing and regulating air traffic operations intersects
with the role of state and local governments that own and operate most © 2010 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
airports. Research is necessary to solve common operating problems,
to adapt appropriate new technologies from other industries, and to
introduce innovations into the airport industry. The Airport Coopera- COPYRIGHT INFORMATION
tive Research Program (ACRP) serves as one of the principal means by
Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining
which the airport industry can develop innovative near-term solutions
written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously
to meet demands placed on it. published or copyrighted material used herein.
The need for ACRP was identified in TRB Special Report 272: Airport
Research Needs: Cooperative Solutions in 2003, based on a study spon- Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this
publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the
sored by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). The ACRP carries understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB or FAA endorsement
out applied research on problems that are shared by airport operating of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the
agencies and are not being adequately addressed by existing federal material in this document for educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate
research programs. It is modeled after the successful National Coopera- acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of
tive Highway Research Program and Transit Cooperative Research Pro- the material, request permission from CRP.
gram. The ACRP undertakes research and other technical activities in a
variety of airport subject areas, including design, construction, mainte-
nance, operations, safety, security, policy, planning, human resources, NOTICE
and administration. The ACRP provides a forum where airport opera-
tors can cooperatively address common operational problems. The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the Airport Cooperative Research
Program, conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the approval of the
The ACRP was authorized in December 2003 as part of the Vision Governing Board of the National Research Council.
100-Century of Aviation Reauthorization Act. The primary partici-
pants in the ACRP are (1) an independent governing board, the ACRP The members of the technical panel selected to monitor this project and to review this
report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance.
Oversight Committee (AOC), appointed by the Secretary of the U.S.
The report was reviewed by the technical panel and accepted for publication according to
Department of Transportation with representation from airport oper- procedures established and overseen by the Transportation Research Board and approved
ating agencies, other stakeholders, and relevant industry organizations by the Governing Board of the National Research Council.
such as the Airports Council International-North America (ACI-NA),
The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the
the American Association of Airport Executives (AAAE), the National researchers who performed the research and are not necessarily those of the Transportation
Association of State Aviation Officials (NASAO), and the Air Transport Research Board, the National Research Council, or the program sponsors.
Association (ATA) as vital links to the airport community; (2) the TRB
The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, the National Research
as program manager and secretariat for the governing board; and Council, and the sponsors of the Airport Cooperative Research Program do not endorse
(3) the FAA as program sponsor. In October 2005, the FAA executed a products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers' names appear herein solely because
contract with the National Academies formally initiating the program. they are considered essential to the object of the report.
The ACRP benefits from the cooperation and participation of airport
professionals, air carriers, shippers, state and local government officials,
equipment and service suppliers, other airport users, and research orga-
nizations. Each of these participants has different interests and respon-
sibilities, and each is an integral part of this cooperative research effort.
Research problem statements for the ACRP are solicited periodically
but may be submitted to the TRB by anyone at any time. It is the
responsibility of the AOC to formulate the research program by iden-
tifying the highest priority projects and defining funding levels and
expected products.
Once selected, each ACRP project is assigned to an expert panel,
appointed by the TRB. Panels include experienced practitioners and
research specialists; heavy emphasis is placed on including airport pro-
fessionals, the intended users of the research products. The panels pre-
pare project statements (requests for proposals), select contractors, and
provide technical guidance and counsel throughout the life of the
project. The process for developing research problem statements and Published reports of the
selecting research agencies has been used by TRB in managing cooper- AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM
ative research programs since 1962. As in other TRB activities, ACRP
are available from:
project panels serve voluntarily without compensation.
Primary emphasis is placed on disseminating ACRP results to the Transportation Research Board
Business Office
intended end-users of the research: airport operating agencies, service 500 Fifth Street, NW
providers, and suppliers. The ACRP produces a series of research Washington, DC 20001
reports for use by airport operators, local agencies, the FAA, and other
interested parties, and industry associations may arrange for work- and can be ordered through the Internet at
shops, training aids, field visits, and other activities to ensure that http://www.national-academies.org/trb/bookstore
results are implemented by airport-industry practitioners. Printed in the United States of America
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COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAMS
CRP STAFF FOR ACRP REPORT 35
Christopher W. Jenks, Director, Cooperative Research Programs
Crawford F. Jencks, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs
Michael R. Salamone, ACRP Manager
Joseph J. Brown-Snell, Program Associate
Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications
Andréa Briere, Editor
ACRP PROJECT 10-02 PANEL
Field of Operations
Steven Tafuro, TranSystems Corporation, South Norwalk, CT (Chair)
Michael J. Cheyne, Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport, College Park, GA
Alexandre Gomes de Barros, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Dennis Mewshaw, HNTB Corporation, Henderson, NV
Jim Ritchie, Los Angeles World Airports, Los Angeles, CA
Lawrence "Larry" Smith, Odessa, FL
Paul J. Wiedefeld, Baltimore Washington International Airport, BWI Airport, MD
Paul L. Friedman, FAA Liaison
Christine Gerencher, TRB Liaison
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FOREWORD
By Michael R. Salamone
Staff Officer
Transportation Research Board
ACRP Report 35: Planning for Offsite Airport Terminals provides information for airports
that wish to serve urban or suburban originating passengers with remote terminal facilities.
Airport planners (including facility, operations, environmental, and development) will find
the report helps to identify potential customers for an offsite terminal and how the concept
fits into airport planning.
The report can be used in three ways. First, those in the airport industry interested in the
concept can use the information in the conclusions and recommendations to determine
whether the concept merits their consideration, based on existing and anticipated opera-
tional issues and long-term goals and objectives for the airport/region. Second, those in the
industry interested in pursuing the development of offsite terminals can use the detailed
information in the report to determine geographic market areas to be served by an offsite
terminal and the potential number of customers. Third, those interested in developing an
offsite terminal can use the planning guide as a roadmap for the process.
It is important for an airport to establish goals and objectives prior to evaluating the fea-
sibility of offsite terminals. A planning guide provides practical assistance to airport staff
and other decisionmakers when planning and developing an offsite terminal and airport
transportation link. It is intended to guide project elements and issues that are common to
most offsite terminal projects, with the recognition that circumstances at an individual air-
port may warrant deviations from the recommendations in the guide.
Under ACRP Project 10-02, MarketSense Consulting LLC of Boston, MA, was asked to
investigate and present the most current knowledge related to the operation of remote air-
port terminals and to develop guidance, which was based upon airport experience to assist
airports in the planning, design, and implementation of such an offsite facility. The research
focused on a handful of domestic case studies, which provide a summary of current infor-
mation and practice on the concept of off-airport passenger processing. Two international
locations were also examined for the potential benefit of domestic airports. The case stud-
ies look at airport characteristics, market research data, ridership trends, information on
branding/marketing/advertising, motivation for developing the offsite terminal, amenities,
and financial information.
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CONTENTS
1 Chapter 1 Introduction
1 Guide Purpose
1 Definitions and Assumptions
3 Chapter 2 Rationale for an Offsite Terminal
3 Development of Goals and Objectives
3 Motivation for an Offsite Terminal
4 Developing Goals and Objectives
7 Chapter 3 Market Determination
7 Data Requirements and Processing
11 Offsite Terminal Market Analysis
19 Checklist for Offsite Terminal Market Analysis
21 Chapter 4 Project Definition and Planning
21 Site Selection Process
23 Transportation Link
29 Customer Parking
34 Offsite Terminal
39 Chapter 5 Costs and Benefits
39 Financial Performance of an Offsite Terminal and Transportation Link
44 Other Benefits
47 On-Airport Financial Impacts
50 Chapter 6 Plan of Finance and Financial Feasibility
50 State and Local Coordination/Funds
51 Federal Funding Sources
55 Local Funding Sources
58 Federal and State Credit Assistance
59 Mixed-Use Developments and Intermodal Centers
61 Summary of Funding Sources
63 Chapter 7 Branding, Advertising, and Customer Service
63 Branding
64 Public Information
64 Advertising--Communicating with Target Markets
66 Customer Service
66 Information Technology
67 Chapter 8 Implementation Guidelines
67 Negotiation of Terms of Agreement
68 Timeline Development
69 Transportation Link
70 Offsite Terminal Facility Preparation and Capital Improvements
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70 On-Airport Facility Preparation
70 Develop Pro Forma and Scenario Analysis
70 Advertising, Branding, and Public Information
71 Communication
71 Security Plan
71 Project Sponsor Approval Procedure
71 Accounting
72 Chapter 9 Performance Monitoring
72 Goals and Objectives
72 Finance
72 User Statistics
73 Operational Performance Measures
73 Mitigation
73 Surveys
74 Customer Feedback
75 References
76 Appendix Transit Air Benefits Calculator:
Description and User's Manual
Note: Many of the photographs, figures, and tables in this report have been converted from color to grayscale
for printing. The electronic version of the report (posted on the Web at www.trb.org) retains the color versions.
