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OCR for page 44
44 Planning for Offsite Airport Terminals
· Terminal--costs to design, construct, equip, furnish, and finish the terminal. Purchase price
of property, if purchased, can be included here or apportioned between terminal and parking.
· Site preparation--costs to prepare the site including environmental impact studies, mitigation,
and access from public streets to the facility.
· Project development--any other costs related to project development such as studies to proj-
ect ridership and site selection analysis. If more than one property or geographic location is
being considered, the project sponsor will determine how much of the cost should be allocated
to the selected project.
Operating Costs
Included in the operating costs are the following:
· Bus--all costs related to the bus operation, which may include bus leasing costs; personnel;
fuel; maintenance; fare collection (operating); or contract costs if operated and/or maintained
by a third-party operator.
· Parking--costs to operate parking, which may include personnel, electricity, facility and
equipment maintenance, cleaning, security, or contract costs if operated by a third party.
· Terminal--terminal operation costs, which may include personnel (e.g., terminal manager,
bus ticket sales, and custodial staff); electricity and other utilities; maintenance; cleaning; secu-
rity; or contract costs if operated by a third party. Leasing costs, if the property is leased, can
be included here or apportioned between the terminal and parking.
· Advertising--costs to advertise the offsite terminal and transportation link.
· Administrative overhead--staff of the project sponsor who are not directly involved in the
operation and upkeep of the offsite terminal and transportation link may charge time spent
on the project to a cost center, or a percentage of operating costs may be applied as an esti-
mate of staff time spent working on the project to account for time spent on duties such as per-
formance measurement, reporting, accounting, surveying, and studies. The project sponsor
may decide to exclude administrative costs from the pro forma.
Other Benefits
Other benefits of the offsite terminal and airport transportation link include reduced vehicle
trips, savings in vehicle-miles traveled, and emissions savings.
Trip Reduction and Savings in Vehicle-Miles Traveled
Trip Reduction
Every customer of the offsite terminal and transportation link who would have used a lower-
occupancy vehicle to travel to and from the airport represents a reduction in vehicle trips traveled
on the regional roadways between the offsite terminal and the airport, local roadways used in the
vicinity of the airport, on-airport roadways, and potentially on the terminal curbs. The number
of vehicle trips generated by an air passenger is related to the travel party size and the mode used.
Table 11 shows vehicle trips generated per enplaning passenger (VTPP) for sample passenger trips
to an airport.
The best source of information for estimating vehicle trip savings for all passengers using the
offsite terminal is an O/D air passenger survey, if available, that collects information on mode
choice to the airport, travel party size, and resident status for a typical travel period. A typical
travel period is a period that represents a typical passenger mix and volume of business and plea-
sure travel for the individual airport. The data can be used to develop a spreadsheet that calcu-
lates an average VTPP factor. This factor is then multiplied by the number of air passengers using
OCR for page 45
Costs and Benefits 45
Table 11. VTPP by mode.
Mode B: Number of
A: Number of Vehicle Trips
Empty Vehicle
(Examples of Vehicle Trips C: Party Size per Passenger
Trips Departing
Single-Party Vehicles) to Airport = (A + B)/C
Airporta
Private automobile:
1 0 2 .5
long-term parking
Private automobile:
1 0 1 1
long-term parking
Private automobile: drop-off 1 1 2 1
Private automobile: drop-off 1 1 1 2
Taxi 1 .4b 2 .7
a
Vehicles that are not parked at the airport for the duration of the air traveler's trip depart the airport. All drop-off trips
by private automobile will depart the airport without air passengers. A percentage of taxi trips and private limousine
trips will leave the airport empty.
b
In this case, 40% of taxi trips depart the airport without a passenger.
Source: DMR Consulting
the airport transportation link to estimate vehicle trips saved to the airport. Table 12 provides a
template to arrive at the VTPP factor. The VTPP factor is as follows:
Air passenger vehicle trips saved average VTPP projected
(or actual) air passengers using transp
portation link
Typically this calculation will be used to estimate annual trips saved or average daily vehicle
trips saved.
If the customer base for the offsite terminal and transportation link is projected to be pre-
dominantly residents, then the above template should be developed based on mode share and
travel party size of resident air travelers. For HOV trips to the airport, including shared-ride
vans and buses, a vehicle trip per passenger number can be calculated, but its use in a vehicle
trip savings calculation would be suspect since scheduled HOV trips will still occur and many
shared-ride vehicle trips will still occur with the other passengers that would have been in the
vehicle.
A similar factor can be developed for airport employees and applied to the number of employ-
ees projected to use the transportation link. However, unless the airport has an active employee
transportation program encouraging the use of ridesharing and alternative modes to get to work,
most employees will drive alone. Therefore, it's reasonable to assume that one vehicle trip is
saved for every employee using the offsite terminal and transportation link.
Net vehicle trips saved includes vehicle trips saved by airport employees and air passengers
and adjusts the savings by the number of trips made by the airport transportation link, if the
vehicle is a bus or a van. If the transportation link is a rail link, the number of trips equals
zero:
Net vehicle trips saved air passenger vehicle trips saved employee
vehicle trips saved trips made by airport transportation link
The estimated number of net vehicle trips saved can be used as part of project evaluation dur-
ing project planning, and actual vehicle trips saved can be used to measure progress once a ser-
vice is operational. Metrics can also be developed for financial performance such as cost (or
deficit) per vehicle trip saved.
OCR for page 46
46 Planning for Offsite Airport Terminals
Table 12. Template to develop average VTPP factor.
Mode A: Share of B: Number of C: One- D: Empty E: F: Total VTPP
O/D Passengers O/D Passengers1 way Trip2 Average Vehicle
= A x (average vehicle Party Size Trips =
daily O/D trip B/E x
passengers) (C+D)
Private automobile: 1 1 =F/B
pick-up/drop-off
Private automobile: 1 0 =F/B
long-term park
Rental car 1 0 =F/B
Taxi 1 0<=taxi<=1 =F/B
Single-party 0<=limo<=1 =F/B
limousines
Other single-party 0<=other =F/B
modes modes<=1
Total Will be less than Sum column N/A N/A N/A Sum Average
100% unless column VTPP =
there are no Total F/
HOV modes to
the airport Total B
1
Typically applied to average daily air passengers.
2
Empty trips for commercial vehicles can be calculated if data is available or estimated based on knowledge of the service.
Taxi regulations at the airport will influence the number of empty vehicle trips.
Source: DMR Consulting
Vehicle-Miles Traveled
Savings in vehicle-miles traveled (VMT) is also a measure of performance and is a benefit
derived from offering the offsite terminal and transportation link. An offsite terminal located
15 miles from the airport that attracts as many customers as does an offsite terminal located
10 miles away offers 50% more savings in regional VMT, even though the number of vehicle trips
saved from each offsite terminal is equal.
For an offsite terminal and transportation link located at a site with little or no public trans-
portation access, it is reasonable to assume customers will use low-occupancy modes to access the
offsite terminal. Thus, there will be no savings in VMT between the trip origin or destination and
the offsite terminal. The savings in VMT will occur between the offsite terminal and the airport:
Net savings in VMT net vehicle trips saved distance
between offsite terminal and airp
port
For an offsite terminal and airport transportation link located at an intermodal facility, some
customers may take advantage of high-occupancy modes to the offsite terminal to use the air-
port transportation link. Prior to the introduction of the airport transportation link, these cus-
tomers may have taken low-occupancy modes to the airport.
The savings in VMT for this type of trip would be greater than the distance between the off-
site terminal and the airport. If a significant number of the offsite terminal customers use HOV
modes to transfer to the airport transportation link, data for estimating the savings in VMT
between the origin or destination point and the offsite terminal can be gathered as part of a user
