Framework for a National Database System for Maintenance Actions on Highway Bridges (2010)

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76 Activity Guideline: An activity guideline defines each activity and identifies the activity’s specific “unit of measure.” The guideline also outlines the recommended process for per- forming the activity along with instructions for reporting its location. Other helpful instructions for reporting may also be included in the guideline (Ohio) (19). Activity Numbers: Code numbers given to an activity. The last two digits in the 4 digit program activity number (Ohio) (37). Annual Work Program (AWP): An annual work program is an estimate and a goal for the quantity of work to be completed for each maintenance activity in the program year. The AWP drives both budget and resource needs (AASHTO) (13). Anti-Icing: The early application of temperature suppressant chemicals to prevent snow and ice accumulation or pre- vent a hard bond of snow and ice to the pavement. This is preventative in nature (Montana) (25). Approved Annual Budget: The approved estimated cost to per- form the maintenance work load for the highway system (Ohio) (37). Appurtenances: Anything that pertains. Referencing road- way systems, appurtenances refer to all things associated with the roadway (Ohio) (19). Asset Inventory: An asset inventory is a physical count of assets. The count may be by coordinates, milepoints, road section, geographical area, road network, mainte- nance section, or other convenient method of sorting and reporting the amount of assets in the road system (AASHTO) (13). Asset Management System (AMS): An AMS is a business method in which organizational structure, business processes, and technologies are integrated as a total approach for maintaining infrastructure. Effectively implemented, AMS seeks to minimize the overall life- cycle cost of assets and maximize maintenance levels of service (AASHTO) (13). Asset: An asset is a physical item of roadway infrastructure that has value. Assets are sometimes referred to as road- way “furniture” or “features.” An asset may be a single item, such as a sign, or a linear item such as a road or guardrail section. An asset may also be a spatial item such as a rest area or mowable acreage (AASHTO) (13). Atomic Data: Data items containing the lowest level of detail. For example, in a daily maintenance activity report, the individual equipment used would be atomic data, while rollups like summary totals from equipment rental invoices are aggregate data (see also aggregate data) (FHWA) (9). Bank full width: Synonymous with floodplain and means the flat landscape feature immediately adjacent to most stream and river channels that begins at the edge of the bank full channel and receives over bank flow during most years (Montana) (25). Berm: The paved or aggregate area just beyond the edgeline stripes (Ohio) (37). Best Management Practice (BMP): Physical, structural, and/or managerial practices that, when used singly or in combina- tion, reduce water quality and aquatic habitat impacts of maintenance activities (Montana) (25). Betterment: Replacement of bridge rails and floors to a higher standard. Widening of bridges 100 ft or less between abut- ments. Extensions or new installation of walls involving 80 cubic yards or less of structural material. Replacement of walls to higher standard (AASHTO) (2). Betterment work is work that adds a new roadway feature, expands or improves an existing roadway feature, or improves the existing roadway section (e.g., removing a bank to improve sight distance) (Ohio) (19, 37). Bridge Inventory and Appraisal Code Sheets: Federal legis- lation has mandatory requirements that particular speci- fied data be collected and maintained for all bridges on the public highway and street systems in Ohio. The BR-87 and BR-87A forms provide for a collection of bridge data to be used for producing various analytical and statistical C H A P T E R 6 Glossary of Terms in Highway Bridge Maintenance

reports, which aid in the design, planning, programming, and financing of bridge maintenance and construction. The Office of Structural Engineering publishes a Bridge Inventory and Appraisal Guide. The Bridge Inventory and Appraisal Coding Guide was prepared through the joint efforts of the Office of Structural Engineering and Office of Application Services to establish policies and procedures for the creation and maintenance of a Bridge Management System (Ohio) (19). Bridge Management System (BMS): BMS provides a collection of bridge data to be used for producing various analytical and statistical reports, which aid in the design, planning, programming, and financing of bridge maintenance and construction in Ohio (Ohio) (23). Bridge: This term is used in a name when the function of the structure is to carry traffic over a watercourse such as a bay, canyon, river, creek, wash, or slough (California) (22). All structures having an opening measured along the center of the roadway of more than 6.1 m (20 feet) between abutments or spring lines of arches or extreme ends of openings for multiple boxes. It may also include multiple pipes where the distance between the openings is less than half the smallest pipe’s opening (Idaho) (23). Budget Analysis: Budget analysis is a business process used to determine budget needs. In modern maintenance manage- ment practice, budget analysis allows decision makers to tie budget needs to outcomes and LOS. What if and impact scenarios can be analyzed to determine expected outcomes from various funding levels (AASHTO) (13). Channel Migration Zone (CMZ): CMZ is synonymous with a 100-year floodplain and means the lateral extent of likely movement along a stream reach with evidence of active steam channel movement over the past 100 years (Montana) (25). Chip Seal: A chip seal consists of liquid asphalt covered with an approved cover coat material (Idaho) (23). Clear Zone: A roadside area, cleared of obstructions, designed to allow for vehicular recovery. Design area is determined by traffic speed, actual daily traffic, and horizontal curva- ture, and embankment slope (1996 AASHTO Roadside Design Guide) (Montana) (25). Condition Assessment: Condition assessment is a physical inspection and rating of roadway assets to determine the condition of individual assets, roadway sections, or over- all road networks (AASHTO) (13). Consent Ordinance: The Director of Transportation needs to obtain a consent ordinance from villages to maintain the traveled portion of the roadway system within village limits, provide centerline and lane line markings, install and maintain regulatory and warning signs, and remove snow and ice (Ohio) (19). Construction and Reconstruction: On structures having a span of 20′ or less, complete reconstruction to a higher standard. Complete re-construction or additions to bridges of more than 10′ span. Widening of bridges over 100′ long. Extensions or new installations of walls involving over 80 cubic yards of structural material (AASHTO) (2). Construction and Materials Specifications (Spec Book): Con- tains detailed provisions, which, together with the Plans and the Proposal, constitute the Contract for the perfor- mance of required work. It is the official legal and technical document by which ODOT bids and constructs highway projects (Ohio) (19). Construction Inspection Manual of Procedures (MOP): This manual provides construction personnel with infor- mation to perform accurate inspections of the various department construction work items (Ohio) (19). Construction Management System (CMS): CMS is construc- tion management system software created for ODOT’s use statewide to track and monitor construction projects (Ohio) (19). Continuous Location: A designation used to record certain roadway inventory features that occur continuously over a considerable length of highway, such as surface type, slope maintenance, etc. (Ohio) (37). County Work Plan (CWP): The District, County, and Road- way Services County Work Plans identify the current con- ditions, 3 Year District Maintenance OPI Goals, Preventive Maintenance Goals, available resources, level of effort, pro- jected conditions, costs, and narrative summary for the highway system in each District and respective Counties. Each CWP consists of an Available Resources, Mainte- nance OPI, Pavement Engineering, and Preventive Main- tenance Category (Ohio) (19). County Work Plan Summary: Annually, a complete CWP report will be published to summarize the State condi- tions, goals, resources proposed, and projected conditions (Ohio) (19). Crack sealing: Crack sealing of flexible pavements is a rou- tine maintenance activity that basically involves cleaning and filling cracks with a liquid sealant (Idaho) (23). Crew Hours: The time in hours spent by a crew as a group working on an activity (Ohio) (37). Critical Areas: The following areas and ecosystem: (a) Wet- lands, (b) areas with a critical recharging effect on aquifers used for potable water, (c) fish and wildlife habitat conser- vation areas, (d) frequently flooded areas, and (e) geologi- cally hazardous areas (Montana) (25). Culverts: Metal pipe, timber, concrete culverts and other struc- tures with less than 3 m (10 feet) of clear span measured normal to center line of feature intersected (Idaho) (25). Customer Input: Customer input is documented data and information is systematically obtained from customers related to opinions, needs, expectations, and perceptions (AASHTO) (13). 77

Customer Service: Customer service is a systematic business process for responding to transportation customer needs and expectations. Customer service involves obtaining customer input on performance targets and budgets, effec- tively handling customer requests, and getting feedback from customers on performance (AASHTO) (13). Customer: Customers are any individuals or groups who are served by or have a stake in the transportation system. They include the traveling public, taxpayer, public entity, public official, or internal entities. In modern mainte- nance management practices, customer input is the driv- ing force for setting performance targets and measuring results (AASHTO) (13). Danger Tree: Trees or snags, on or near the highway, that are found to be weakened, unsound, undermined, leaning, or exposed so they may fall across the highway. When permission to remove the trees cannot be obtained, it is necessary to trim and do whatever else is reasonable to alleviate the hazard (Montana) (25). De-Icing: The application of temperature suppressant chem- icals to remove accumulated snow and ice. This is consid- ered reactive in nature and requires more chemicals (Montana) (25). Ditch: A drainage feature that is a constructed conveyance system that collects, conveys, channels, holds, inhibits, or diverts the movement of storm water or ground water from the MDT facility and adjacent properties. It is not a chan- nelized stream, or fish bearing stream (Montana) (25). Emergency: An emergency consists of circumstances creating a substantial risk of loss, damage, interruption of services or threat to public health or safety that could not have been reasonably foreseen. An emergency is a situation involving an act of God, disasters, casualties, national defense, or security measures, etc., and includes response activities that must be taken to prevent the imminent loss of human life or property (Montana) (25). Emergency Disaster Management: activities required to alle- viate an emergency condition. Work activities are the same or similar to routine maintenance activities except that they are greater in magnitude and scope depending on the nature and intensity of the emergency. This work is not budgeted and/or scheduled and creates an immediate threat to life, the public, property, or environmental degra- dation. This includes work accomplished on a damaged highway facility/element that has substantially retained the intended functionality of its original design. It does not include construction of new roadway elements. Exam- ples include: erection, dismantling, and maintenance of a Bailey bridge; establishment of detours and tempo- rary minor structures; emergency traffic control; any work needed to protect and maintain the area affected by the emergency (Montana) (25). Equipment Management System (EMS): A computerized equipment and materials inventory information system. EMS reports an audit trail comparing stock used with work orders. This audit report ensures that all stock items are charged out to the correct piece of equipment (Ohio) (19). Equivalent Single Axle Loads (ESALs): Bridges and other structures on the state highway system are rated for capac- ity, usually gross and axle weight. Bridges determined to be unsafe for legal weight vehicles have signs posted that specify reduced weight limits. Stronger structures have ratings of 100 percent (maximum legal weight) and up to 150 percent (maximum permittable weight). Any single axle with a spacing of less than 16 feet between an adjacent axle is 20,000 pounds (Ohio) (19). Exception Report: An output report that shows information which deviates greatly from standards (Ohio) (37). Facility: The building and grounds owned and operated by ODOT (Ohio) (37). Features Inventory: A list of the maintainable physical fea- tures of the highway system. For example, lane miles of pavement, lengths of ditches, fences, and guardrail and locations of culverts. The inventory also includes features that influence the work load such as ADT (Average Daily Traffic), climate, terrain, highway types, and classifica- tions (Ohio) (37). Federal Highway Administration (FHWA): FHWA is a part of the U.S. Department of Transportation and is head- quartered in Washington, D.C., with field offices across the United States (Ohio) (19). Forbs: A general name for any herbaceous plant, other than grass, which is found in grasslands or woodlands (Mon- tana) (25). Foreman’s Manual: ODOT has compiled the TMS Foreman’s Manual to aid the county and district work forces in effec- tively maintaining the ODOT highway system and in accurately reporting and tracking work effort and cost accounting data (Ohio) (19). Geographic Information System (GIS). This is a spatial ref- erencing system for integrating data by location using geo-coordinate referencing (AASHTO) (13). Global Positioning System (GPS): A satellite-enabled tech- nology for location referencing by x, y, and z coordinates (AASHTO) (16). Grade Separation: A structure carrying traffic of one highway over another highway (Idaho) (23). Highway Bridge Replacement Rehabilitation Program (HBRRP): Federal Highway Act which funds, regulates, and prioritizes the improvement of the nation’s bridges. Only those bridges classified as “structurally deficient or functionally obsolete” and having a sufficiency rating of 80.0 or less are eligible for funding under this program (Illinois) (16). 78

Highway Maintenance Program: A highway maintenance pro- gram involves the systematic process of planning, imple- menting, measuring, and making improvements with high- way maintenance. Decisions are based on the cost-effective use of limited resources to improve efficiency and protect the investment in the State’s existing transportation infra- structure (Ohio) (19). History: Any data base item where all past values for that item are stored on the data base. Inspection items are examples of items where history is retained by inspection date. Aver- age Daily Traffic (Item 29) is an example of an item where history is not retained, since past changes in traffic volumes are not retained in the computer system (Illinois) (16). Illinois Geographic Information System (IGIS): The com- puter system that allows a graphical display of various ele- ments contained in IHIS (Illinois) (16). Illinois Highway Information System (IHIS): The master database resulting from the combining of the individual IRIS, IRRIS, ISIS, and IGIS data bases (Illinois) (16). Illinois Railroad Information System (IRRIS): The computer system and database which accommodates the entry and retrieval of pertinent information in relation to the public at grade and grade separation rail crossings (Illinois) (16). Illinois Roadway Information System (IRIS): The computer system and database which accommodates the entry and retrieval of pertinent information in relation to all high- ways open to public travel (Illinois) (16). Illinois Structure Information System (ISIS): The com- puter system and database which accommodates the entry and retrieval of inventory and inspection data for all structures open to public travel. The state system bridge inspections are transferred overnight from the MMIS data base (Illinois) (16). Inventory Milepost: A specific location, identified by the mile- post system, on the highway system (Ohio) (37). Inventory Route or Key Route: Technically, the two terms pertain to the same section of highway. “Inventory Route” (also called Marked or Unmarked Route) refers to the highway identified in Items 5A-5E of the NBI record, and whose highway designation terminology can be most familiar to the traveling public. “Key Route” is defined in Items 1A-1H and is used by IDOT to uniquely identify roadway that typically can cross county and township borders, sometimes starting at one end of the state and continuing to the opposite end. Key route may be viewed as the most basic unit of identification for the Illinois high- way system. Example: For an identified section of high- way, there may be many Inventory Route designations assigned to the section, but only one key route designa- tion. Key Route data is recorded for the highway(s) on and under the structure. Inventory Route Data is computer generated from the Key Route information and stored in the ISIS database. The Illinois Structure Information Sys- tem will accommodate the entry of an unlimited number of routes per structure. Individual data items located on Key Route computer screens are therefore recorded indi- vidually for each route (Illinois) (16). Lane Mile Agreements: An agreement between ODOT and a municipality designed to accomplish agency goals. Refer to all parts of §5521 of the Ohio Revised Code for authority and requirements for municipal and county cooperation (Ohio) (19). Longitudinal Striping: The painting of centerlines, edge lines, or roadway lane lines that extend lengthwise on the road- way to provide adequate traffic control (Ohio) (19). Maintenance and Repair Form 502, the Daily Work Report: The 502 form is ODOT’s source document for recording details of work activities. The crew leader completes the information on the Daily Work Report by verifying the exact location where the work was performed, the num- ber of hours worked by each employee on each activity, the miles or hours of usage for each piece of equipment on each activity, the quantity and type of material used on each activity, and the number of production units accom- plished on each activity that day (Ohio) (19). Maintenance: The upkeep of a highway (which includes all of its elements) in or as close as possible to its original constructed condition, or its subsequently improved con- dition (Ohio) (19). Maintenance Activity: Any work task related to operations and maintenance. A maintenance activity may be any physical work performed on the transportation assets, or may be an administrative, support, engineering, or cus- tomer service activity. Maintenance activities are usually assigned an activity code for work reporting and tracking (AASHTO) (13). A maintenance activity is a small group of associated tasks and subtasks necessary to correct a highway mainte- nance problem, to accomplish a betterment, or to produce a material. An activity can also describe an indirect related task such as yard work, supervision, etc. (Ohio) (19). Maintenance Activity Guideline: A maintenance activity guideline is a general guide specifying how maintenance activities should be performed to achieve maximum pro- ductivity and work quality. The guideline specifies resource needs, production planning rates, scheduling criteria, and high-level work methods (AASHTO) (13). Maintenance Administration Manual: The Maintenance Administration Manual is a compilation of procedures, protocol, and directives regarding ODOT’s maintenance activities. The Office of Maintenance Administration has gathered, reviewed, and updated the information and produced the manual as a reference tool for the district and county work forces. The manual contains years of 79

experience, research, and education and is intended to be a living document that will be updated as technology and research evolve (Ohio) (19). Maintenance Index: The Maintenance Index is part of the overall Organizational Performance Index, which is the scoring system index by which maintenance efforts and sys- tem conditions are compared to ODOT goals (Ohio) (19). Maintenance Level of Service (LOS): Maintenance levels of service measure the condition of individual assets as well as the overall condition of the roadway. LOS mea- sures are generally specified in customer service terms related to safety, preservation, convenience, aesthetics, comfort, and mobility. Some states also measure LOS in terms of environmental impacts or legislative man- dates (AASHTO) (13). Maintenance Management (MM): The actions associated with organizing, administering, and supervising highway maintenance activities, customer services, and infrastruc- ture preservation (AASHTO) (13). Maintenance Management Information System (MMIS): The computer system and database that accommodate the entry of state bridge inspections. This system also contains numerous other state-maintained data informa- tion and functions (Illinois) (16). Maintenance Management System (MMS): Similar to an asset management system, a modern MMS integrates organiza- tion structure, business processes, and technology to pro- vide a systematic approach for planning and executing an efficient customer-oriented and performance-based main- tenance program (AASHTO) (13). A specialized budget and accounting system for man- agers. The MMS is used for work planning, scheduling, performance evaluation, budgeting, and expenditure con- trol of maintenance activities (Montana) (25). Maintenance Program Activity Code: The Transportation Management System uses program activity codes (PGAC) to group associated tasks and sub-tasks necessary to main- tain our highway system. Examples of these PGAC codes are pothole patching, snow and ice control, pavement markings, and facility maintenance (Ohio) (19). Maintenance Quality Assessment: Maintenance quality assess- ment is a process of physically inspecting and rating the condition of the roadway assets and maintenance services. The quality assessment employs the same measures used to set performance targets. The data from the maintenance quality assessment is used to assess outcomes, actual per- formance, and maintenance LOS (AASHTO) (13). Maintenance Quality Assurance Review: It is ODOT’s policy to use a Quality Assurance Review (QAR) process to ensure organizational units within ODOT adhere to all laws, regu- lations, policies, and standard operating procedures in car- rying out ODOT’s day-to-day business. Responsibility for conducting QARs is vested in Central Office Divisions and Offices (Ohio) (19). Maintenance Quality Survey (MQS): The purpose of the maintenance quality survey is to develop numerical data for rating the performance of the highway maintenance activity. The procedures vary for the different highway elements. This is necessary because certain conditions occur with a greater frequency than others (Ohio) (19). Major Defects: Some defects are considered major because they involve individual members that affect structural sta- bility of an entire span thus requiring underpinning of the span or supplementing of the member before removal. Other defects are included in this group because the mea- sures needed to correct defects are numerous and varied requiring structural or other technical advice or the defect may cause equipment failure (California) (22). Major Maintenance: Bridge rehabilitation, reconstruction, or replacement. Replacement of structures only as a result of major disaster when no other funds or programs are available (Texas) (21). Microsurfacing: Microsurfacing is a polymer-modified cold paving slurry seal system (Idaho) (28). Milepost Marker: A sign identifying a specific location on the highway system (Ohio) (44). Minor Defects: Minor defects are those which can be corrected with little or no risk of structure collapse or rendering of damage to adjacent or related members while making repairs or replacements (California) (22). MQS Manual: The maintenance quality survey manual describes highway conditions, which are referred to as “Recordable Conditions.” The recordable conditions are not necessarily maintenance deficiencies. The entire highway system will be surveyed over a 12-month (four quarters) time frame (Ohio) (19). MQS Teams: Two (two person) Central Office teams survey approximately one fourth of each County in the State every 3 months for recordable maintenance conditions and defi- ciencies. The entire County (every centerline mile) is sur- veyed once over a 12-month time frame (Ohio) (19). Multi-Year Work Plan: Ellis, the ODOT’s Web-based project management system, contains the contracted portion of ODOT’s long-term plan for maintaining ODOT’s assets. The District Multi-Year Work Plans are a subset of this long-term plan. The goal of the District Multi-Year Work Plan is to develop a fiscally constrained work program that assures safe, reliable, efficient, and accessible, travel con- ditions, while maintaining bridge and pavement assets at agreed upon performance levels (Ohio) (19). National Bridge Inspection Program (NBIP): The pro- gram developed by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) as a result of the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1968, which requires the inventory and inspection of the nation’s bridges (Illinois) (16). 80

National Bridge Inspection Standards (NBIS): The federal regulations establishing requirements for inspection pro- cedures, frequency of inspections, qualification of person- nel, inspection reports, and preparation and maintenance of a state bridge inventory (Illinois) (16). Office of Maintenance Administration: The Office of Main- tenance Administration is a section of Central Office High- way Operations that cooperates with local governments to provide necessary resources to restore roadways to normal conditions during times of disaster. It provides techni- cal assistance in highway maintenance and construction engineering matters internally and externally of ODOT. Services offered include: Maintenance Quality Surveys, Maintenance Quality Assurance, Maintenance Efficiency Analysis, Transportation management System, Winter Maintenance Coordination, and Maintenance Policy Development and Implementation (Ohio) (19). Office of Pavement Engineering: The Pavement Engineering section is part of Central Office Planning. This section provides the Districts with standards, policy, procedures, data, and research to allow them to provide smooth, quiet, cost effective pavements for the traveling public at a minimum of inconvenience (Ohio) (19). Office Of Structural Engineering: Structural Engineering is a section of Central Office Highway Operations and pro- vides ODOT districts with standards, policy, procedures, training, design resources, data, and research to allow them to continually monitor and improve the quality of ODOT’s bridge inventory. This support will enable them to pro- vide safe, cost effective, durable and smooth riding bridges for the public, along with providing bridges that meet the needs of Ohio’s growing economy (Ohio) (19). Office Of Traffic Engineering: Traffic Engineering is a sec- tion of Central Office Highway Operations and provides technical assistance and consultation on traffic engineer- ing matters. It coordinates ODOT’s safety improvement program, which make funds available to local govern- ments for safety improvements at high accident locations. The office provides time lapse photography services in order to film hazardous locations and traffic operational problems, for further analysis. It develops, prepares, and distributes the Ohio Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices and a traffic application standards manual to ensure consistent application and design of traffic control devices. It also provides review and consultation to local governments regarding traffic control devices and high- way lighting design and application (Ohio) (19). Operation and Maintenance (O&M): Operations and main- tenance encompasses all of the activities and services required to maintain infrastructure assets and provide services to the traveling public. O&M can generally be viewed as any activity other than new construction, road- way capacity improvements, expansion, or major rehabil- itation (AASHTO) (13). Organization Unit: An organization unit is a defined unit within the agency or department that has specified main- tenance responsibilities. An organization unit may be a county, a maintenance section, district, region, or state- wide unit (AASHTO) (13). Organizational Performance Index (OPI): The OPI provides monthly information based on key performance areas for Plans, Highway Management, Construction Management, Maintenance, Highway System Conditions, Snow and Ice, Human Resources, Finance, Contracts, Equipment, and Facilities (Ohio) (19). Outcomes: Outcomes are similar to levels of service and spec- ify the overall results achieved from the maintenance pro- gram (AASHTO) (13). Overcrossing: This term is used in the name of a structure which carries State highway traffic and provides for pas- sage of a city street, county road or other facility other than a railroad or another State highway, under the State high- way (California) (22). Overhead: This term is used in a name when the function of the structure is to carry a State highway over a railroad (California) (22). Overpass: A grade separation where the subject highway passes over the intersecting facility (Idaho) (23). Pavement: The paved area between the edgeline stripes (Ohio) (37). Pavement Condition Rating (PCR): A numerical rating of pavement distresses on a 0 to 100 scale based on visual inspection. A PCR of 100 signifies a perfect pavement with no distress (Ohio) (19). Pavement Management System (PMS): The intent of the pavement management program is to select, design, and construct pavement management treatments in an expe- dited fashion to extend pavement life and maintain the pavement surface at the highest possible level of service- ability. The PMS can be accessed by General Query Lan- guage (GQL), which can be used to provide a first cut list of candidate projects for all of the pavement management treatments (Ohio) (19). Performance Measure: A performance measure is used to rate asset condition or maintenance performance. Sam- ple measures include height of grass, number of potholes per lane mile, and percent of signs below standard (AASHTO) (13). Performance Target: A performance target is a goal or objec- tive for the condition of assets or the road system. A per- formance target is usually a numerical rating, such as “pavement drop-off less than x inches.” Performance tar- gets vary by level of service (AASHTO) (13). Performance-Based Budget: A performance-based budget is based on the annual work program. For the budget to be 81

performance-based, the annual work program must be linked to specified performance targets, level of service, or expected outcomes (AASHTO) (13). Physical Maintenance: Cleaning, painting, and repairing. Replacements (using approximately same design) of rails, floors, stringers, or beams. Replacement of walls in kind. Repair of drawbridges and ferries (AASHTO) (2). Present Serviceability Index (PSI): The PSI is a measure of pavement surface roughness or riding comfort. It is mea- sured on a scale between 0 and 5, with 5 being a perfectly smooth ride (Ohio) (19). Preventative Maintenance Category: The County Work Plan has a Preventive Maintenance category. The category requires specific maintenance with specific cycles for each identified maintenance activity. The activities encompass traffic control, vegetation management, surface cleaning, underdrain cleaning, and bridge preventive maintenance (Ohio) (19). Preventive Maintenance: PM is a planned strategy of cost effective treatments to an existing roadway system and its appurtenances that preserves the system, retards future deterioration, extends the service life, and maintains or improves the functional condition of the system without substantially increasing structural capacity (Ohio) (19). Steel structure cleaning and repainting or the installa- tion of other coatings; installation of bridge deck protec- tion; joint cleaning and sealing or replacement (Texas) (21). Pre-wetting: The controlled application of temperature sup- pressant chemicals to “burn” or “stick” abrasives to snow and ice pack (Montana) (25). Productivity: For each activity, the number of work units produced per person hour. Also, expressed as the num- ber of work units produced by a standard size crew per day (Ohio) (37). Program Activity Code (PGAC): The transportation man- agement system uses PGACs to group associated tasks and sub-tasks necessary to maintain our highway system. Examples of these PGACs are pothole patching, snow and ice control, pavement markings, and facility maintenance. The detail labor, materials, equipment use, and actual costs associated with these three components will gener- ate a work accomplishment and a performance measure- ment for each PGAC (Ohio) (19). Pumping Plant: This term is used in the name of a facility that is assigned a bridge number because it is an intricate facility of structural, mechanical, and electrical combina- tion for the purpose of preventing inundation of the high- way (California) (22). Quality Level: The specified level to which elements of the highway will be maintained (Ohio) (44). Quality Standards: Guide line showing the level of mainte- nance to be attained for each activity (Ohio) (44). Quantity Standards: For each activity the estimated number of work units per inventory unit that must be performed each year to maintain Quality Standards (Ohio) (44). Reactive Maintenance: Reactive maintenance involves activ- ities undertaken to correct defects and extend the life of the asset until a proper rehabilitation or reconstruction project may be undertaken. Reactive maintenance is frequently performed on a failing asset. It is a stopgap measure that keeps the asset at an acceptable serviceability, and is sel- dom cost-effective (Ohio) (19). Resources: Labor, equipment, and material available, needed or used to perform an activity (Ohio) (37) Riparian Area: The 300-foot (91.4 meter) slope distance from either side of the Channel Migration Zone (CMZ), or bank- full width, whichever is greater (Montana) (30). Roadway: The area between the Right-of-Way limits includ- ing pavement, berm, shoulder, ditches, etc., (Ohio) (37). Routine Maintenance: Budgeted work, performed routinely on a scheduled basis. It is intended to maintain the high- way facility/element so that it substantially retains its original intended use and function. Examples include: sweeping and debris removal; cleaning ditches, culverts and catch basins; correcting moderate slides and slope failures; vegetation management and litter pickup; rou- tine bridge maintenance; rest area operation and mainte- nance; pavement patching, crack sealing and routine surface treatment; restoration/replacement of traffic con- trol devices; maintaining access control; drainage restora- tion; placing riprap; snow and ice removal; traffic control (Montana) (25). (1) the maintenance which keeps a highway includ- ing all of its elements in or as close as possible to its orig- inal constructed condition or its subsequently improved condition and (2) those traffic services and operations which provide safe, convenient, and economic highway transportation for the public (Ohio) (37). Repair of substructures, superstructures, decks, joints, approach slabs and railing; spot painting; repair and oper- ation of movable bridges; installation of temporary bridges; repair and installation of fender systems (Texas) (21). Sensitive (Critical) Areas: Sections of highways or highway features, the maintenance of which would detrimentally impact (directly or indirectly) fisheries or other aquatic species or habitat. Sensitive areas include: spawning streams and those inhabited by federally listed sensitive aquatic species, especially trout and other listed or candi- date fish; those impaired water segments listed on Depart- ment of Environmental Quality’s 1996 “Section 303(d) List” for Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) Plan devel- opment and restoration; those receiving direct runoff from treated roads and highways where there would be less than 100:1 dilution; those where a large volume of 82

highway runoff can directly reach small, poorly flushed ponds, lakes and wetlands; those where receiving water temperatures have warmed by the time highway runoff arrives; those areas where shallow ground water is overlain by coarse and permeable soils; facilities that allow surface water access to underground aquifers (Montana) (25). Separation: This term is used in the name of a structure which carries traffic of one State highway over another State high- way (California) (27). Short Spans: All structures 6.1 m (20 feet) or less, as defined under “Bridges.” Structures with a clear span of less than 3 m (10 feet), measured normal to center line of features intersected are not included in the inspection program (Idaho) (23). Shoulder: The area between the berm and foreslope or edge- line and foreslope (Ohio) (37). Slurry Seal: A slurry seal is a mixture of asphalt emulsion, well-graded fine aggregate (sand), and mineral filler mixed with water to produce slurry consistency (Idaho) (23). Spot Locations: The exact location of certain roadway fea- tures such as bridges, culverts, rest areas, intersections, etc., as opposed to continuous locations. Spot locations are measured to the nearest 1/100th of a mile (Ohio) (37). Structural Deduct (SD): Contained within the pavement con- dition rating process. It indicates those distresses which may be related to the structural integrity of the pavement (Ohio) (19). Structure Information Management System (SIMS): A ver- sion of the ISIS database information in a PC Microsoft Access database format. Information is copied nightly from the ISIS database to the SIMS Access database where users can view data and generate reports (Illinois) (16). Swath Mile: A 5-feet wide mowing cut, 1 mile long (Ohio) (37). Thalweg (Montana Ref 30): the line extending down a chan- nel that follows the lowest elevation of the bed. Traffic Services. (AASHTO Ref 2) Operation of ferries, including cost of power, operators, and periodic replace- ments. That part of operation of drawbridges charged to highway traffic. Transportation Management System (TMS)—The TMS is a work order driven computer program that tracks work accomplishments and actual costs for labor, equipment, and materials used by our workforce. The purpose of the TMS is to have current data available for ODOT managers to analyze and utilize in decision-making (Ohio) (19). Tube. This term describes an underwater roadway facility con- structed by lowering a prefabricated section in an exca- vated trench (California) (22). Tunnel. This term refers to a roadway section through a mass of earth. Some undercrossings and separations are also tunnels (California) (22). Underpass: This term is used in a name when the function of the structure is to carry a railroad and provides for passage of a State highway under the railroad (California) (22). A grade separation where the subject highway passes under the intersecting facility (Idaho) (23). Unit Cost: The total cost of labor, equipment and material needed to perform a unit of work, e.g., $/cubic yard, $/lane mile (Ohio) (37). Unit of Work: The unit of measure used to describe the quan- tity of work performed for each activity, e.g., cubic yards, linear feet, person hours, etc. Also called unit of accom- plishment (Ohio) (37). Unscheduled Maintenance: Unanticipated activities that occur due to the unusual weather condition, vandalism, accident, etc. Work activities are conducted similar to rou- tine maintenance activities except that work is unantici- pated and poses imminent danger to the existing structures or traveling public. In cases of imminent danger, work will be only to repair existing structures, move obstructions, restore banks, protect property, or protect fish resources, to the serviceable function of its original design. It does not include construction of new roadway elements. Examples include: stream bank protection; bridge maintenance such as debris removal, scour abatement (approaches, abut- ments and piers); repair slides and slope failures; repair of culverts (Montana) (25). Viaduct: This term is used in the name of a structure of any length, which carries State highway traffic along a steep side hill. It also is used as a compromise name for a long struc- ture crossing over several facilities of approximately the same importance, any one of which alone would require a name category of Bridge, Overhead, Undercrossing, or Separation (California) (22). Workload: The amount of work required to maintain the highway to a specified level. Workload applies to a given activity for a specific time period (Ohio) (37). 83