Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter.
Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines.
OCR for page R1
ACRP
AIRPORT
COOPERATIVE
RESEARCH
PROGRAM
REPORT 34
Sponsored by
the Federal
Aviation
Administration
Handbook to Assess the Impacts
of Constrained Parking
at Airports
OCR for page R2
ACRP OVERSIGHT COMMITTEE* TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD 2010 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE*
CHAIR OFFICERS
James Wilding CHAIR: Michael R. Morris, Director of Transportation, North Central Texas Council of
Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority (re- Governments, Arlington
tired)
VICE CHAIR: Neil J. Pedersen, Administrator, Maryland State Highway Administration, Baltimore
VICE CHAIR EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: Robert E. Skinner, Jr., Transportation Research Board
Jeff Hamiel MEMBERS
MinneapolisSt. Paul
Metropolitan Airports Commission J. Barry Barker, Executive Director, Transit Authority of River City, Louisville, KY
Allen D. Biehler, Secretary, Pennsylvania DOT, Harrisburg
MEMBERS Larry L. Brown, Sr., Executive Director, Mississippi DOT, Jackson
James Crites Deborah H. Butler, Executive Vice President, Planning, and CIO, Norfolk Southern Corporation,
DallasFort Worth International Airport Norfolk, VA
Richard de Neufville William A.V. Clark, Professor, Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Kevin C. Dolliole
Eugene A. Conti, Jr., Secretary of Transportation, North Carolina DOT, Raleigh
Unison Consulting Nicholas J. Garber, Henry L. Kinnier Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, and Director,
John K. Duval Center for Transportation Studies, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
Austin Commercial, LP Jeffrey W. Hamiel, Executive Director, Metropolitan Airports Commission, Minneapolis, MN
Kitty Freidheim Paula J. Hammond, Secretary, Washington State DOT, Olympia
Freidheim Consulting
Steve Grossman
Edward A. (Ned) Helme, President, Center for Clean Air Policy, Washington, DC
Jacksonville Aviation Authority Adib K. Kanafani, Cahill Professor of Civil Engineering, University of California, Berkeley
Tom Jensen Susan Martinovich, Director, Nevada DOT, Carson City
National Safe Skies Alliance Debra L. Miller, Secretary, Kansas DOT, Topeka
Catherine M. Lang Sandra Rosenbloom, Professor of Planning, University of Arizona, Tucson
Federal Aviation Administration
Gina Marie Lindsey Tracy L. Rosser, Vice President, Corporate Traffic, Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., Mandeville, LA
Los Angeles World Airports Steven T. Scalzo, Chief Operating Officer, Marine Resources Group, Seattle, WA
Carolyn Motz Henry G. (Gerry) Schwartz, Jr., Chairman (retired), Jacobs/Sverdrup Civil, Inc., St. Louis, MO
Hagerstown Regional Airport Beverly A. Scott, General Manager and Chief Executive Officer, Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit
Richard Tucker Authority, Atlanta, GA
Huntsville International Airport
David Seltzer, Principal, Mercator Advisors LLC, Philadelphia, PA
EX OFFICIO MEMBERS Daniel Sperling, Professor of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science and Policy; Director, Institute of
Transportation Studies; and Interim Director, Energy Efficiency Center, University of California, Davis
Sabrina Johnson
Kirk T. Steudle, Director, Michigan DOT, Lansing
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Richard Marchi Douglas W. Stotlar, President and CEO, Con-Way, Inc., Ann Arbor, MI
Airports Council International--North America C. Michael Walton, Ernest H. Cockrell Centennial Chair in Engineering, University of Texas, Austin
Laura McKee
Air Transport Association of America EX OFFICIO MEMBERS
Henry Ogrodzinski
National Association of State Aviation Officials Peter H. Appel, Administrator, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, U.S.DOT
Melissa Sabatine J. Randolph Babbitt, Administrator, Federal Aviation Administration, U.S.DOT
American Association of Airport Executives Rebecca M. Brewster, President and COO, American Transportation Research Institute, Smyrna, GA
Robert E. Skinner, Jr. George Bugliarello, President Emeritus and University Professor, Polytechnic Institute of New York
Transportation Research Board
University, Brooklyn; Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Engineering, Washington, DC
SECRETARY
Anne S. Ferro, Administrator, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, U.S.DOT
LeRoy Gishi, Chief, Division of Transportation, Bureau of Indian Affairs, U.S. Department of the
Christopher W. Jenks
Interior, Washington, DC
Transportation Research Board
Edward R. Hamberger, President and CEO, Association of American Railroads, Washington, DC
John C. Horsley, Executive Director, American Association of State Highway and Transportation
Officials, Washington, DC
David T. Matsuda, Deputy Administrator, Maritime Administration, U.S.DOT
Victor M. Mendez, Administrator, Federal Highway Administration, U.S.DOT
William W. Millar, President, American Public Transportation Association, Washington, DC
Robert J. Papp (Adm., U.S. Coast Guard), Commandant, U.S. Coast Guard, U.S. Department of
Homeland Security, Washington, DC
Cynthia L. Quarterman, Administrator, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration,
U.S.DOT
Peter M. Rogoff, Administrator, Federal Transit Administration, U.S.DOT
David L. Strickland, Administrator, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S.DOT
Joseph C. Szabo, Administrator, Federal Railroad Administration, U.S.DOT
Polly Trottenberg, Assistant Secretary for Transportation Policy, U.S.DOT
Robert L. Van Antwerp (Lt. Gen., U.S. Army), Chief of Engineers and Commanding General,
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC
*Membership as of June 2010. *Membership as of August 2010.
OCR for page R3
AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM
ACRP REPORT 34
Handbook to Assess the Impacts
of Constrained Parking
at Airports
RICONDO & ASSOCIATES, INC.
Chicago, IL
DMR CONSULTING
Pasadena, CA
RESOURCE SYSTEMS GROUP, INC.
White River Junction, VT
Subscriber Categories
Aviation
Research sponsored by the Federal Aviation Administration
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD
WASHINGTON, D.C.
2010
www.TRB.org
OCR for page R4
AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM ACRP REPORT 34
Airports are vital national resources. They serve a key role in trans- Project 10-06
portation of people and goods and in regional, national, and inter- ISSN 1935-9802
national commerce. They are where the nation's aviation system ISBN 978-0-309-15496-3
connects with other modes of transportation and where federal respon- Library of Congress Control Number 2010933567
sibility for managing and regulating air traffic operations intersects
with the role of state and local governments that own and operate most © 2010 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
airports. Research is necessary to solve common operating problems,
to adapt appropriate new technologies from other industries, and to
introduce innovations into the airport industry. The Airport Coopera- COPYRIGHT INFORMATION
tive Research Program (ACRP) serves as one of the principal means by
Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining
which the airport industry can develop innovative near-term solutions
written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously
to meet demands placed on it. published or copyrighted material used herein.
The need for ACRP was identified in TRB Special Report 272: Airport
Research Needs: Cooperative Solutions in 2003, based on a study spon- Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this
publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the
sored by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). The ACRP carries understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB or FAA endorsement
out applied research on problems that are shared by airport operating of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the
agencies and are not being adequately addressed by existing federal material in this document for educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate
research programs. It is modeled after the successful National Coopera- acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of
tive Highway Research Program and Transit Cooperative Research Pro- the material, request permission from CRP.
gram. The ACRP undertakes research and other technical activities in a
variety of airport subject areas, including design, construction, mainte-
nance, operations, safety, security, policy, planning, human resources, NOTICE
and administration. The ACRP provides a forum where airport opera-
tors can cooperatively address common operational problems. The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the Airport Cooperative Research
Program, conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the approval of the
The ACRP was authorized in December 2003 as part of the Vision Governing Board of the National Research Council.
100-Century of Aviation Reauthorization Act. The primary partici-
pants in the ACRP are (1) an independent governing board, the ACRP The members of the technical panel selected to monitor this project and to review this
report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance.
Oversight Committee (AOC), appointed by the Secretary of the U.S.
The report was reviewed by the technical panel and accepted for publication according to
Department of Transportation with representation from airport oper- procedures established and overseen by the Transportation Research Board and approved
ating agencies, other stakeholders, and relevant industry organizations by the Governing Board of the National Research Council.
such as the Airports Council International-North America (ACI-NA),
The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the
the American Association of Airport Executives (AAAE), the National researchers who performed the research and are not necessarily those of the Transportation
Association of State Aviation Officials (NASAO), and the Air Transport Research Board, the National Research Council, or the program sponsors.
Association (ATA) as vital links to the airport community; (2) the TRB
The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, the National Research
as program manager and secretariat for the governing board; and Council, and the sponsors of the Airport Cooperative Research Program do not endorse
(3) the FAA as program sponsor. In October 2005, the FAA executed a products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers' names appear herein solely because
contract with the National Academies formally initiating the program. they are considered essential to the object of the report.
The ACRP benefits from the cooperation and participation of airport
professionals, air carriers, shippers, state and local government officials,
equipment and service suppliers, other airport users, and research orga-
nizations. Each of these participants has different interests and respon-
sibilities, and each is an integral part of this cooperative research effort.
Research problem statements for the ACRP are solicited periodically
but may be submitted to the TRB by anyone at any time. It is the
responsibility of the AOC to formulate the research program by iden-
tifying the highest priority projects and defining funding levels and
expected products.
Once selected, each ACRP project is assigned to an expert panel,
appointed by the TRB. Panels include experienced practitioners and
research specialists; heavy emphasis is placed on including airport pro-
fessionals, the intended users of the research products. The panels pre-
pare project statements (requests for proposals), select contractors, and
provide technical guidance and counsel throughout the life of the
project. The process for developing research problem statements and Published reports of the
selecting research agencies has been used by TRB in managing cooper- AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM
ative research programs since 1962. As in other TRB activities, ACRP
are available from:
project panels serve voluntarily without compensation.
Primary emphasis is placed on disseminating ACRP results to the Transportation Research Board
Business Office
intended end-users of the research: airport operating agencies, service 500 Fifth Street, NW
providers, and suppliers. The ACRP produces a series of research Washington, DC 20001
reports for use by airport operators, local agencies, the FAA, and other
interested parties, and industry associations may arrange for work- and can be ordered through the Internet at
shops, training aids, field visits, and other activities to ensure that http://www.national-academies.org/trb/bookstore
results are implemented by airport-industry practitioners. Printed in the United States of America
OCR for page R5
OCR for page R6
COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAMS
CRP STAFF FOR ACRP REPORT 34
Christopher W. Jenks, Director, Cooperative Research Programs
Crawford F. Jencks, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs
Michael R. Salamone, ACRP Manager
Marci A. Greenberger, Senior Program Officer
Tiana M. Barnes, Senior Program Assistant
Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications
Hilary Freer, Senior Editor
Scott Hitchcock, Editor
ACRP PROJECT 10-06 PANEL
Field of Operations
Ronald Siecke, HNTB Corporation, Santa Ana, CA (Chair)
Elwin D. Jones, Little Rock National Airport, Little Rock, AR
Deborah Klein, City of Phoenix Aviation Department, Phoenix, AZ
Eric N. Schreffler, ESTC, San Diego, CA
Kurt M. Schwager, Enterprise Rent-A-Car, St. Louis, MO
Joan C. Zatopek, Port of Oakland, Oakland, CA
M. Ashraf Jan, AICP, FAA Liaison
Richard A. Cunard, TRB Liaison
AUTHOR ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The research reported herein was performed under ACRP Project 10-06 by the Ricondo & Associates,
Inc., team. Ricondo & Associates, Inc., served as the prime contractor, and the team includes two subcon-
tractors, DMR Consulting and Resource Systems Group, Inc. James T. Jarvis, senior vice president of
Ricondo & Associates, Inc., served as the principal investigator, and Diane M. Ricard, principal of DMR
Consulting, served as the associate principal investigator. The other authors and those providing research
and technical support are Allen Hoffman, vice president at Ricondo & Associates, Inc.; Lisa M. Reznar,
managing consultant at Ricondo & Associates, Inc.; Thomas J. Adler, president of Resource Systems
Group, Inc.; Elizabeth R. Greene, senior associate at Resource Systems Group, Inc.; and Taras M. Sanow,
senior consultant at Ricondo & Associates, Inc. The work was conducted under the general direction of
Mr. Jarvis and Ms. Ricard.
The research team would also like to thank the staff members of those airports that participated in this
research: Bob Hope Airport, Boston Logan International Airport, Chicago O'Hare International Airport,
Huntsville International Airport, McCarran International Airport, Miami International Airport, Oak-
land International Airport, Port Columbus International Airport, Portland International Airport, San Anto-
nio International Airport, San Diego International Airport, Seattle-Tacoma International Airport, Tampa
International Airport, Tulsa International Airport, and Washington Dulles International Airport.
OCR for page R7
FOREWORD
By Marci A. Greenberger
Staff Officer
Transportation Research Board
ACRP Report 34: Handbook to Assess the Impacts of Constrained Parking at Airports
discusses the different types of parking constraints that airports experience, provides tools
to assess the impacts of the constraints and strategies to deal with them, and provides a pre-
dictive modeling tool (included herein as CRP-CD-80: Parking Forecast Model and Instruc-
tions for Use: Supplemental Materials for ACRP Report 34). The modeling tool will assist in
determining the effects of implementing various strategies. The report considers two types
of customers when addressing parking strategy: (1) the flying public and the mode of trans-
portation in getting to/from the airport and (2) employees. Financial, traffic and conges-
tion, emissions, and customer service impacts will vary by strategy as well as by circum-
stance at an individual airport and the customer base served at that airport. The handbook
and modeling tool will be useful to airport executives, planners, CFOs, and metropolitan
planning organizations in determining solutions to parking constraints. In addition, airport
executives can read the Executive Summary (available on our website) for a brief overview
of the handbook.
Parking accounts for a significant portion of non-airline airport revenues. It is not just
the public who need parking options, but airport employees require a significant number
of spaces, often at fees and rates below market value; however, accommodating airport
employees is vital to airport operations and airport tenants. Airports can also have parking
constraints due to policy decisions. For example, decisions to reduce the number of single-
occupancy trips may have an effect on airport parking that needs to be examined. Airports
need to better understand how to assess and evaluate how strategies to deal with parking
constraints or to alter demand will impact their financial plans, vehicle traffic and conges-
tion, and emissions.
Under ACRP Project 10-06, Ricondo and Associates, Inc., in conjunction with DMR
Consulting and Resources Systems Group, Inc., developed ACRP Report 34: Handbook to
Assess the Impacts of Constrained Parking at Airports by conducting case studies of airports
that have experienced constrained parking conditions and by evaluating the cause and effect
of the various factors that influence demand. The researchers also conducted passenger sur-
veys to quantify passengers' current airport access behavior and their likely behavioral
changes in response to potential future changes in the factors that affect demand for airport
parking. The analysis of these surveys contributed to the predictive modeling tool that air-
port operators and other planning agencies will find helpful as they evaluate potential park-
ing strategies.
OCR for page R8
CONTENTS
1 Summary
7 Chapter 1 Background on Airport Parking Operations
7 Parking as Part of the Airport Ground Access Environment
7 Airline Passengers
8 Airport Employees
8 Parking Products
9 Public Parking Products
12 Employee Parking Products
12 Airport Parking Areas Not Covered in This Handbook
12 Understanding Customer Segments
12 Airline Passengers
14 Airport Employees
16 Chapter 2 Constrained Airport Parking Environment
16 Types of Airport Parking Constraints
16 Causes of Airport Parking Constraints
17 Parking Supply Constraints
17 Influences on Parking Demand
18 Effects and Consequences of Constrained Airport Parking
18 Customer Satisfaction
19 Airport Roadway Traffic Congestion
19 Increased Vehicle Emissions
20 Increased Costs
20 Lost Revenue
20 Potential Diversion to Other Airports
20 Airport Employee Retention
21 Chapter 3 Goals and Objectives for Managing
Constrained Airport Parking Environments
21 Factors That Influence the Development of Goals and Objectives
for an Airport Parking System
22 Internal Influences
22 External Influences
23 Developing Goals and Objectives
24 Financial Objectives
25 Customer Service Objectives
25 Traffic Management and Mode-Share Objectives
27 Environmental Objectives
27 Land-Use Objectives
OCR for page R9
28 Chapter 4 Predicting Public Parking Constraints
28 Historical Parking Patterns
28 Monitor Parking Occupancy Data by Facility
29 Monitor Exits by Facility
29 Get Information on Previous Constrained Parking Events
29 Passenger Projections
29 Operational Experience and Knowledge
32 Chapter 5 Strategies to Address Constrained Public Parking
32 Strategies to Respond to Ongoing Constraints
32 Increase Public Parking Supply
33 Introduce New Parking Products
33 Reallocate Supply among Public Parking Categories
34 Adjust Parking Rates
36 Introduce Technology Improvements
38 Promote Use of HOV Modes
39 Strategies to Respond to Short-Term Constraints
39 Provide Hands-On Management in Constrained Parking Facilities
39 Adjust Parking Rates on a Temporary Basis
40 Disseminate Public Information
40 Provide Temporary Overflow Parking
40 Direct Parking Customers to Privately Operated Parking Facilities
41 Considerations for Evaluating Strategies to Resolve or Manage
Constrained Parking
41 Strategies to Respond to Ongoing Constraints
45 Strategies to Respond to Short-Term Constraints
49 Chapter 6 Predicting Outcomes of Selected Strategies
49 Formal Tools
49 Airport Mode Choice Models
51 Airport Parking Models
52 ACRP Project 10-06 Airport Parking Forecast Model
60 Informal Tools
62 Chapter 7 Guidelines for Strategy Selection
62 Strategy Selection Approach
62 Initial Filtering Phase
62 Alternatives Analysis Phase
64 Comparative Analysis Phase
64 Strategy Selection Example
64 Nature and Causes of Constraints
68 Potential Strategies
69 Initial Filtering Phase
69 Alternatives Analysis Phase
75 Comparative Analysis Phase and Strategy Selection
77 Chapter 8 Evaluating the Effectiveness of Strategies
77 Data Sources
78 Parking Revenue Control System
79 Supplemental Parking Data
79 Airline O&D Passenger Survey Data
OCR for page R10
81 Vehicle Activity and Vehicle Occupancy Counts
82 Enplaned O&D Passenger Activity
82 Measuring Effects of Parking Strategies
82 Public Parking Activity
83 Financial Performance
84 Vehicle Traffic Volume
88 Emissions Generated
88 Mode-Share Distribution
88 Customer Service
89 Chapter 9 Strategies to Address Constrained
Employee Parking
89 Airport Employee Commute Environment
89 Strategies to Address Constrained Employee Parking
90 Increase Capacity
90 Consolidate the Parking Supply
90 Reassign Parking Facilities
90 Adjust Parking Rates
91 Offer Alternatives to the Drive-Alone Commute
95 Evaluating Strategy Effectiveness
95 Data Sources
96 Measuring Impacts
98 References
99 Glossary
101 Acronyms
Note: Many of the photographs, figures, and tables in this report have been converted from color to grayscale
for printing. The electronic version of the report (posted on the Web at www.trb.org) retains the color versions.
