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Table 3-1. Examples of safety policies that may affect the freight system.
Federal State Local/Regional
Truck HOS rules Highway speed limits A few local railroad
Railroad HOS rules Enforcement of FMCSA truck speed limits
Aviation HOS rules rules Parking and truck
Interstate speed limits Restrictions on locomotive horns access restrictions
Truck speed governor rules
Truck electronic onboard recorder rules
Other FMCSA rules for drivers and carriers
NHTSA rules for trucks
FRA inspection of tracks and vehicles
FAA rules for aircraft design; inspection of
aircraft
Hazmat rules
Coast Guard rules for barges and barge
operations
freight-terminal access to authorized persons. Examples include opment, and property taxes can all have important indirect
the driver background checks required under the PATRIOT effects on the freight system. Policy choices in these areas
Act, the Transportation Worker Identification Credential can, for example, affect locations of warehouses and truck
(TWIC) program for access to secure areas of port facilities and and rail terminals. Local governments make many other types
vessels, and rules for fingerprinting aliens exiting the United of decisions regarding the development and use of land with
States on cargo planes and ships. Other Federal rules focus on potential freight impacts (e.g., requirements for noise barri-
the security of cargo (e.g., requirements for screening cargo ers, truck parking, truck routing, truck idling, street geomet-
carried on passenger planes). rics, and signalization). In a few cases, Federal policies and
Some state and local government agencies have imple- programs can influence land use patterns in ways that affect
mented freight access restrictions, primarily for security freight. For example, EPA's Brownfields Program has led to
purposes. For example, trucks were prohibited from using redevelopment of land in freight-intensive areas. Table 3-3
some New York City tunnels following 9/11. The District of lists examples of land use policies that may affect the freight
Columbia adopted a ban on railroad hazmat shipments system.
through the city center, although the rule was blocked by a
court decision. Table 3-2 lists examples of security policies
Environmental Policy
that may affect the freight system.
As with safety, environmental policy is a broad area in which
all three levels of government have an active role. The most
Land Use Policy
significant environmental policies affecting freight concern
Land use policy occurs almost exclusively at the state and air quality. EPA sets national engine emission standards for
local level. States (in some cases) set policies that affect local new trucks, locomotives, marine vessels, and aircraft and reg-
land use planning practices, and states may also be involved in ulates transportation fuels to achieve emission reductions.
actions that affect state land (e.g., open space protection) and (The California Air Resources Board [CARB] has similar
economic development. Most land use decisions are made at authority in California.) These policies are closely related
the local level. Policies regarding zoning, planning, redevel- to energy and climate change policies. EPA also establishes
Table 3-2. Examples of security policies that may affect the freight system.
Federal State Local/Regional
TWIC Some routing and Some routing and
Truck driver background checks infrastructure access infrastructure access
U.S. exit fingerprinting rules restrictions restrictions
MARAD foreign crew ID requirements
TSA airport security protocol
Chemical facility anti-terrorism standards
Screening cargo on passenger aircraft
Screening of import containers
Customs rules/programs (FAST, CTPAT)
