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APPENDIX C
Bibliography of Canadian Truck Size and
Weight Research
ADI Ltd. (1993), "Use of Wide Base Single Tires on Heavy Applied Research Associates Inc (2007), "Estimation of Road
Trucks," Ontario Ministry of Transportation. Cost Allocation between Light Vehicles and Heavy Vehi-
ADI Ltd. (1994), "Economic Impact Study: Bulk Commod- cles in Canada," Transport Canada.
ity Program," Saskatchewan Department of Highways Barton R. and Logistics Solution Builders Inc (2006), "Estima-
and Transportation. tion of Costs of Heavy Vehicle Use per Vehicle-kilometer
Agarwal A. C. (1978), "Vehicle Weight Regulations across in Canada," Transport Canada, Report TP14662E.
Canada: A Technical Review with Respect to the Capac- Barton R., and Nix F. P. (2000), "Ontario Freight Transporta-
ity of Highway Systems," Ontario Ministry of Trans- tion System Study," Transport Canada.
portation and Communications, Report RR 214. Barton R., et al. (1989), "Impact of Heavy Vehicles on
Agarwal A. C. et al. (1997), "Impact on the Highway Infra- Saskatchewan's Low Strength Roads," Proceedings of Sec-
structure of Existing and Alternative Vehicle Configura- ond International Symposium on Heavy Vehicle Weights
tions and Weight Limits," Ontario Ministry of Trans- and Dimensions.
portation, Report ONT-97-01, May 1997. Bedard J. (1986), "Vehicle Rollover Threshold Evaluation: An
Agarwal A. C., and Billing J. R. (1986), "The Effect of Ontario's Assessment of Computer Simulation Models," CCMTA/
Weight Regulations on Commercial Vehicle Design," Pro- RTAC Vehicle Weights and Dimensions Study Technical
ceedings of International Symposium on Heavy Vehicle Report, Volume 12, Roads and Transportation Associa-
Weights and Dimensions, Kewlona, British Columbia. tion of Canada.
Al-Qadi I. L., Elsefi M., and Yoo P. J. (2004), "Pavement Bein P. et al. (1989), "Relevance of HDM3 Road User Cost
Damage Due to Different Tires and Vehicle Configura- Model to Canadian Heavy Vehicles," Proceedings of Sec-
tions," Virginia Tech Transportation Institute. ond International Symposium on Heavy Vehicle Weights
Amlin E. (1991), "Rollover Stability of Log-hauling Vehicles," and Dimensions, Kelowna, British Columbia.
Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada, Report Billing A. M. (1982), "Rollover Tests of Double Trailer Com-
SR-000105. binations," Ontario Ministry of Transportation and Com-
Amlin E., and Bradley A. H. (1992), "Variable Tire Pressure munications, Report TVS-CV-82-114.
Control for Log-Hauling Vehicles," Heavy Vehicles and Billing J. R., and Lam C. P. (1989), "Stability and Control
Roads: Technology, Safety and Policy, pp. 439441. Characteristics of Straight Trucks and Truck Trailer
Amlin E., and Marshall N. (1989), "Tridem Axle Evaluations Combinations" Proceedings of Second International
for Logging Trucks," Proceedings of Second Interna- Symposium on Heavy Vehicle Weights and Dimensions,
tional Symposium on Heavy Vehicle Weights and Di- Kelowna, British Columbia.
mensions, Kelowna, British Columbia. Billing J. R. (1986), "Comparison of Simulation and tests of
Amlin E., Klawer P., and Hart D. V. (1995), "Evaluation of a Baseline and Tractor-Semitrailer Vehicles," CCMTA/
Tridem Drive Tractor for Log Transportation," Forest RTAC Vehicle Weights and Dimensions Study Technical
Engineering Research Institute of Canada, Report TR- Report, Volume 5, Roads and Transportation Association
000123. of Canada.
Applied Research Associates Inc (2006), "Estimation of the Billing J. R. (1986), "Demonstration Test Program: Five, Six
Representative Annualized Capital and Maintenance and Seven Axle Tractor Semitrailers," CCMTA/RTAC Ve-
Costs of Roads by Functional Class," Transport Canada. hicle Weights and Dimensions Study Technical Report,
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Volume 4, Roads and Transportation Association of tion Research Record 1052, TRB, National Research Coun-
Canada. cil, pp. 116119.
Billing J. R. (1986), "Demonstration Test Program: Summary Billing J. R., and Patten J. D. (2003), "Performance of Infra-
of Tests of Baseline Vehicle Performance," CCMTA/ structure-friendly Vehicles" National Research Council
RTAC Vehicle Weights and Dimensions Study Technical of Canada, Report CSTT-HVC-TR-058.
Report, Volume 3, Roads and Transportation Association Billing, A. M. (1979), "Tests of Self-steering Trailer Axles,"
of Canada. Ontario Ministry of Transportation and Communica-
Billing J. R. (1986), "Heavy Truck Testing for the Canadian tions, Report CVOS-TR-79-02.
Vehicle Weights and Dimensions Study," Proceedings of Blair C. (2001), "Evaluation of a Log B-train Configuration
International Symposium on Heavy Vehicle Weights and for Regulatory Approval in Alberta," Forest Engineering
Dimensions, Kewlona, British Columbia. Research Institute of Canada, Advantage Report, Vol. 4,
Billing J. R. (1986), "Hitch Slack and Drawbar Length Effects No. 16.
on C-train Stability and Handling," CCMTA/RTAC Vehi- Blair C. (2001), "Evaluation of a Tridem Drive Tractor with
cle Weights and Dimensions Study Technical Report, Vol- a Long Log B-train," Forest Engineering Research Insti-
ume 6, Roads and Transportation Association of Canada. tute of Canada, Advantage Report, Vol. 4, No. 10.
Billing J. R. (1992), "A Discussion of Performance Standards Blow P., Woodrooffe J., and Sweatman P. (1998), "Vehicle
for Configuration of Heavy Trucks," Proceedings of Third Stability and Control Research for US Comprehensive
International Symposium on Heavy Vehicle Weights and Truck Size and Weight (TSandW) Study," SAE Inter-
Dimensions, Cambridge, England. national Truck and Bus Meeting and Exposition,
Billing J. R. (1995), "Implementation of Vehicle Weight and Indianapolis.
Dimension Regulations" Proceedings of Fourth Inter- Bowland J. M., and Friend R. G. (1994), "Economic Impact
national Symposium on Heavy Vehicle Weights and of Introducing Longer Trailers in Ontario," Proceedings
Dimensions. of the CTRF Annual Conference.
Billing J. R. (2002), "A Field Assessment of Tank Truck Roll Bowland J. M. et al. (1993), "Economic Impact of Introduc-
Stability," Transport Canada Report TP13908E. ing 53 ft Semi-Trailers and 25 metre B-Trains in On-
Billing J. R. (2002), "Characteristics of Cross-border Truck- tario," Ontario Ministry of Transportation.
ing in Central Canada," Transport Canada. Bradley A. H. (1996), "Trial of a Central Tire Inflation Sys-
Billing J. R. (2002), "Stability and Handling Characteristics of tem on Thawing Forest Roads," Forest Engineering Re-
a Straight Truck with a Self-steering Pusher Axle," National search Institute of Canada, Report TR-000116.
Research Council Canada, Report CSTT-HVC-TR-057. Bradley A. H. (1997), "The Effect of Reduced Tire Inflation
Billing J. R. and Patten J. D. (2004), "Full-scale Performance Pressures on Road Damage: a Literature Review," Forest
Testing of 5-axle Semitrailers." National Research Coun- Engineering Research Institute of Canada, Report
cil of Canada, Report CSTT-HVC-TR-084. SR-000123.
Billing J. R. and Patten J. D. (2005), "An Assessment of Tank Bradley A. H. (2003), "Using Optimized Truck Tire Pressures
Truck Roll Stability," Transport Canada Report TP14237E. to Minimize Damage to Rural Roads: Summary of Two
Billing J. R. et al. (1983), "Tests of a B-Train Converter Trials in Saskatchewan," Forest Engineering Research In-
Dolly," Ontario Ministry of Transportation and Commu- stitute of Canada, Advantage Report, Vol. 2, No. 51.
nications Report TVS-CV-82-111. Bradley A. H., (2005), "Using Road-Friendly Technologies
Billing J. R. et al. (1991), "On the Use of Liftable Axles by Heavy to Carry Full Legal Axle Weights on Seasonally Weight-
Trucks," In Transportation Research Record 1313, TRB, restricted Pavements in British Columbia," Forest Engi-
National Research Council, Washington, D.C., pp. 1100. neering Research Institute of Canada, Advantage Report,
Billing J. R., and Lam C. P. (1989), "Development of Regula- Vol. 6, No. 31.
tory Principles for Multi-Axle Semitrailers," Proceedings BulkPlus Logistics (2002), "Operating Costs of Trucks in
of Second International Symposium on Heavy Vehicle Canada 2002," Transport Canada.
Weights and Dimensions, Kelowna, British Columbia. Canadian Council of Motor Transport Administrators. "1999
Billing J. R., and Lam C. P. (1992), "Development of Regula- National Roadside Study."
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binations," Proceedings of Third International Symposium Bridge Design Code," CAN/CSA-S6-00.
on Heavy Vehicle Weights and Dimensions, Cambridge, CCMTA/RTAC Vehicle Weights and Dimensions Study
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Billing J. R., and Mercer W. R. (1986), "Swept Paths of Large provincial Heavy Vehicle Weights and Dimensions," Im-
Trucks in Right Turns of Small Radius," In Transporta- plementation Committee Report.
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Center de recherche industrielle du Québec (1994), "Final Clayton A., Nix F. P., and Fekpe E. (1992), "Enforcement and
Rreport on the Follow-up on Self-steering Axles," Trans- Overweight Trucking," Canadian Transportation Research
port Canada, Report TP12252E. Forum.
Cherwenuk A. D. (1989), "Designing the Highway System to Clayton A. M. and Fekpe E. (1993), "A Rational Approach
Accommodate Very Large Trucks," Proceedings of Sec- to Predicting Pavement Loading," Proceedings from the
ond International Symposium on Heavy Vehicle Weights Canadian Society for Civil Engineering Annual Confer-
and Dimensions, Kelowna, British Columbia. ence, Vol. 3, pp. 597606.
Christison J., and Shields B. (1978), "Evaluation of the Rela- Clayton A. M. et al. (1983), "Truck Industry Technological
tive Damaging Effects of Wide Base Tire Loads on Pave- Response to the Western Canada Highway Strengthening
ments," Alberta Research Council Contribution Series Program," Proceedings of Roads and Transportation As-
#1029, pp. D27-D46. sociation of Canada Annual Conference.
Christison J. T. (1986), "Pavement Response to Heavy Truck Clayton A. M., and Fekpe E. (1994), "Model for Trucking
Axle Loadings: The Canadian Vehicle Weights and Di- Productivity Analysis of Alternative Weight Limits," Pro-
mensions Study," Proceedings of International Symposium ceedings IRF Regional Meeting, Calgary, Vol. 5, pp. 15-25.
on Heavy Vehicle Weights and Dimensions, Kewlona, Clayton A. M., and Fekpe E. (1994), "Quantitative Assess-
British Columbia. ment of Effect of Enforcement Intensity on Violation
Christison J. T. (1986), "Pavements Response to Bump In- Rates of Vehicle Weight and Dimension Regulations,"
duced Axle Loads: Experimental Findings," CCMTA/ Transportation Planning and Technology, Vol. 18, No. 2,
RTAC Vehicle Weights and Dimensions Study Technical pp. 143153.
Report, Volume 10, Roads and Transportation Associa- Clayton A. M., and Nix F. P. (1983), "Vehicle Weight and Di-
tion of Canada. mension Regulations Governing Trucking in Canada,"
Christison J. T. (1986), "Pavements Response to Heavy Vehi-
University of Toronto-York University Joint Program in
cle Test Program--Part 1, Data Summary Report,"
Transportation.
CCMTA/RTAC Vehicle Weights and Dimensions Study
Clayton A. M., and Nix F. P. (1986), "Effects of Weight and
Technical Report, Volume 8, Roads and Transportation
Dimension Regulations: Evidence from Canada," In
Association of Canada.
Transportation Research Record 1061, TRB, National
Christison J. T. (1986), "Pavements Response to Heavy Vehi-
Research Council, Washington, D.C., pp. 4249.
cle Test Program--Part 2, Load Equivalency Factors,"
Clayton A. M., Robinson J., and Fekpe E. (1992), "Pavement
CCMTA/RTAC Vehicle Weights and Dimensions Study
Loads and Truck Weight Limits: Canadian Experience,"
Technical Report, Volume 9, Roads and Transportation
Heavy Vehicles and Roads: Technology, Safety and Policy,
Association of Canada.
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Symposium on Heavy Vehicle Weights and Dimensions, Study to Determine the Safety Performance of A- and
Kelowna, British Columbia. C-Train Combination Vehicles," American Trucking
Clark M., and Phillips E. (1989), "On Board Truck Weigh Association Foundation.
Scales," Proceedings of Second International Symposium Coles Associates and Nix F. P. (2000), "Atlantic Provinces
on Heavy Vehicle Weights and Dimensions, Kelowna, Surface Freight Transportation System Study," Transport
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Size and Weight Options," Proceedings of Fourth Inter- Dore G. (2003), "Modelling of Loading Applied to Pavement
national Symposium on Heavy Vehicle Weights and by Various Types of Tires," Ministère des Transports du
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Vehicle Weight Distributions," ASCE, Journal of Trans- timation of the Relationships of Road Deterioration to
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for Interprovincial Trucking," Roads and Transportation Mercer W., and Stephenson W. (1986), "Development of a
Association of Canada. Mobile Tire Test Dynamometer and Tests of Three
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Vehicle Weights and Dimensions Research and Inter- Heavy Vehicle Weights and Dimensions, Kewlona, British
provincial Agreement: Final Report," Transportation Columbia.
Association of Canada and Canadian Trucking Research Ministere des Transports du Québec (2000), "Harmonization
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Sizes and Weights in Canada," Council on Highway and Newsletter 03.08.00.
Transportation Research and Development and the Morrall J., and Werner A. (1989), "Analysis of Traffic Opera-
Roads and Transportation Association of Canada. tions for the Movement of Very Large Vehicles on the
Jones J., Nix F. P., and Schwier C. (1990), "The Impact of High-Wide Corridor between Edmonton and Ft.
Changes in Road User Charges on Canadian Railways," McMurray," Proceedings of Second International Sym-
Transport Canada. posium on Heavy Vehicle Weights and Dimensions,
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Lanes: Safety, Level of Service, and Cost Factors," Ontario Nix F. P. (1987), "Study of Vehicle Weight and Dimension
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Association.
Results for Various Truck Combination Configura-
Nix F. P. (1992), "The Impact of Weight and Dimension Reg-
tions," Proceedings of International Symposium on
ulations on Trucking," National Transportation Act Re-
Heavy Vehicle Weights and Dimensions, Kewlona, British
view Commission, Ottawa, Canada.
Columbia.
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Trucking Research Institute.
lation of Dynamic Wheel Loads," Proceedings of Fourth
Nix F. P. (1996), "The Trucking Industry in Canada: A Pro-
International Symposium on Heavy Vehicle Weights and
file," Canadian Trucking Research Institute.
Dimensions.
Nix F. P. (1996), "Weight and Dimension Regulations: Har-
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Steering Axles: Theory and Practice," SAE Paper 891633. spective," Transport Canada.
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national Association of Vehicle System Dynamics, Prague, British Columbia.
Czech Republic. Nix F. P. et al. (1996), "Assessment of the Impact of Changes
Little G. et al. (1997), "1995 Commercial Vehicle Survey," On- in Vehicle Configurations on Ontario's Industry," On-
tario Ministry of Transportation Report TDRO-95-03. tario Ministry of Transportation.
Logistics Solution Builders Inc (2005), "Operating Costs of Nix F. P., and Boucher M. (1988), "Long Combination Vehi-
Trucks in Canada 2005," Transport Canada. cles in Québec and Ontario," Transport Canada.
Logistics Solution Builders Inc. (2003), "Operating Costs of Nix F. P., and Boucher M. (1991), "Economics of Liftable
Trucks in Canada 2003," Transport Canada. Axles," Ontario Ministry of Transportation.
McFarlane S. et al. (1997), "The Correlation of Heavy Vehicle Nix F. P., and Delaquis M. (1995), "Long Combination Ve-
Performance Measures," SAE Truck and Bus Meeting, hicle Operations in Canada" Proceedings of Canadian
Cleveland. Transportation Research Forum.
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Nix F. P., and Jones J. (1995), "Highway Cost Allocation: A Sur- Weights and Dimensions (2001), "Harmonization of Ve-
vey of its Use in Road Pricing Decisions," Transportation hicle Weight and Dimension Regulations Within the
Association of Canada. NAFTA Partnership: Side by Side Comparison of Regu-
Nix F. P., and Jones J. (1996), "Rapport Final: Étude sur Les lated Weight and Dimension Limits," http://www.comt.
Effects Économiques et sur Les Transfers Modaux des ca/english/programs/trucking/NAFTA%20Side%20by%
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Lourds," Ministère des Transports du Québec. North American Free Trade Agreement Land Transportation
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ceedings of Canadian Transportation Research Forum. Dimensions Limits Within the NAFTA Partnership," Draft
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of Canadian Transportation Research Forum. NAFTA Partnership" Working Group 2--Vehicle Weights
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Vehicle Weight and Dimension Regulations and Canada's
way Bridge Design Code, First Edition," Ontario Ministry
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(1989), "Trucking Industry Response to RTAC Weight Regulation 413/05.
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North American Free Trade Agreement Land Transportation duced Dynamic Load on Flexible Pavement Performance,"
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NAFTA Partnership: Report to the Land Transportation Dynamic Axle Loads of Heavy Trucks," Second Inter-
Standards Subcommittee," http://www.comt.ca/english/ national Symposium on Heavy Vehicle Weights and
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