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DEFINITION OF TERMS
This section contains a list of definitions of terms used to identify or describe vehicle configura-
tion, components, axle groups, dimensions, and other aspects of heavy trucks.
A Dolly Means a trailer converter dolly that is towed from a single
hitch located on the center line of the towing unit (34)
A-Train Double Means a combination of vehicles composed of a tractor, a
semitrailer, and either an A Dolly and a semitrailer or a full
trailer attached to the lead semitrailer in a like manner as if
an A Dolly were used (34)
Axle Means an assembly of two or more wheels whose centers are
in one transverse vertical plane that transmits weight to the
highway (34)
Axle Spread Means the longitudinal distance between the extreme axle
centers of the axle group (34)
Axle Group Any number of axles, within a single vehicle unit, that equal-
ize loads on adjacent axles within 1,000 kg (34)
Axle Weight Means the total weight transmitted to the highway by the
axle or axle group (34)
B-Train Double Means a combination of vehicles composed of a tractor, a
semitrailer, followed by another semitrailer attached to the
first semitrailer by the means of a fifth wheel mounted on
the rear of the first semitrailer (34)
Base Length Means the distance measured between the centers of the first
axle of the front axle of a vehicle or combination of vehicles
an the last axle of a vehicle or combination of vehicles (12)
Belly Axle Means an axle located ahead of the rear fixed axle group on
a trailer that is usually a liftable axle
Box Length Means the longitudinal dimension from the forward most
part of the cargo carrying unit(s) or load(s) to the rearmost
part of the cargo carrying unit(s) or load(s), exclusive of any
extension(s) in the dimension caused by auxiliary equip-
ment or machinery at the front that is not designed for the
transportation of goods (34)
C Dolly Means a trailer converter dolly, with a rigid frame in the
horizontal plane that is towed from two hitches located in a
horizontal transverse line on the towing unit, that precludes
any rotation in the horizontal plane about the hitch points,
and which satisfies all requirements of the Canadian Motor
Vehicle Safety Standards applicable to such devices (34)
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C-Train Double Means a combination of vehicles composed of a tractor, a
semitrailer, and followed by another semitrailer attached to
the first semitrailer by the means of a C Dolly (34)
Drawbar Means a structural member of a full trailer, pony trailer or
trailer converter dolly that includes a device for the purpose
of coupling with a trailer hitch or fifth wheel (34)
Drawbar Length Means the longitudinal distance from the center of the hole
in the fifth wheel of a converter dolly to the center of the
hitching device on the towing vehicle (34)
Drive Axle Means the axle or axle group that is or may be connected to
the power source of a motor vehicle and that transmits
power to the wheels (34)
Effective Rear Overhang Means the longitudinal distance calculated from the trailer
turn center to the rearmost point including load on the
trailer or semitrailer (34)
Fifth Wheel Means a coupling device that is mounted on the vehicle chas-
sis and that consists of a skid plate, associated mounting
brackets and latching mechanism that couples or connects
to a kingpin located on the other vehicle or component, for
the purpose of supporting and towing a semitrailer (34)
Fifth Wheel Offset Means the longitudinal distance calculated from the center
of the hole for the kingpin in the fifth wheel/kingpin assem-
bly to the center of the drive axle unit (34)
Full Trailer Means a vehicle that is designed to be towed by another vehi-
cle and is designed and used so that the whole of its weight and
load is carried on its own axles and includes a combination
consisting of a semitrailer and a trailer converter dolly (34)
Gross Vehicle Weight Means the total weight transmitted to the highway by a
vehicle or combination of vehicles (34)
Height Means the vertical distance from the highest point on the
vehicle to the ground (34)
Hitch Offset Means the longitudinal distance from the towing-vehicle
turn center to the articulation point of the hitch or fifth
wheel used to tow the trailing unit (34)
Inter-axle Spacing Means the longitudinal distance separating two axle or
axle groups calculated from the centers of the two adjacent
axles (34)
Inter-vehicle-unit-distance Means, for a combination of vehicles, the distance between
the centers of the last axle of the motor vehicle . . . and the
first axle of the towed vehicle, and the distance between the
centers of the last axle of the towed vehicle and the first axle
of the second towed vehicle (12)
Intercity bus Means a vehicle designed to carry more than fifteen passen-
gers and equipped with facilities to allow extended travel
without stopping. (34)
Lift Axle See Liftable Axle
Liftable Axle Means an assembly of two or more wheels whose centers are
in one transverse plane that is equipped with a device for al-
tering (other than by longitudinal movement of the assembly
only) the weight transmitted to the highway surface and that
may be able to lift its tires from contact with that surface (34)
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Kingpin Setback Means the horizontal distance from the vertical axis through
the center of the kingpin to any point on the semitrailer
ahead of the kingpin, including load but exclusive of any
extension to the length caused by auxiliary equipment or
machinery that is not designed for the transportation of
goods (34)
Length (Full Trailer) Means the longitudinal dimension from the front of the cargo
carrying section of the full trailer to its rearmost point (34)
Length (Pony Trailer) Means the longitudinal dimension from the front of the
drawbar of the pony trailer to its rearmost point (34)
Length (Semitrailer) Means the longitudinal dimension from the front of the
cargo carrying section of the semitrailer to its rear, exclusive
of any extension in length caused by equipment or machin-
ery at the front that is not designed for the transportation of
goods (34)
Overall Height Means the greatest overall vertical distance from the highest
point on the vehicle or load to the ground (34)
Overall Length Means the greatest overall longitudinal dimension of a
vehicle or combination of vehicles including load (34)
Pony Trailer Means a vehicle that is designed to be towed by another
vehicle and is equipped with a drawbar that is rigidly attached
to the structure of the trailer, and is so designed and used that
the preponderance of its weight and load is carried on its own
axles (34)
Pusher Axle Means an axle located ahead of the drive axle group on a
power unit that is usually a liftable axle.
Rear Overhang Means the longitudinal distance calculated from the center
of the last axle to the rearmost point, including load, on the
trailer or semitrailer (34)
Semitrailer Means a vehicle that is designed to be towed by another ve-
hicle and is so designed and used that a substantial part of
its weight and load rests on or is carried by the other vehicle
or a trailer converter dolly through a fifth wheel and king-
pin combination (34)
Single Axle Means one or more axles whose centers are included between
two parallel transverse vertical planes 1.2 meters apart (34)
Steering Axle Means the articulated lead axle or axles of a motor vehicle
which govern the direction travelled by the vehicle (34)
Self Steering Axle Means an axle which articulates in response to forces gener-
ated between the tire and the road or through mechanisms
or linkages operating independently of the driver of the
vehicle (34)
Tag Axle Means an axle located to the rear of the rear fixed axle group
on a power unit or trailer that is usually a liftable axle.
Tandem Axle Group Means an axle group containing two consecutive axles
whose centers are not less than 1.2 meters apart and are at-
tached to the vehicle in a manner which achieves equalized
loading between the axles (34)
Tractor Means a motor vehicle designed to and normally used to
pull a semitrailer or a semitrailer and a full trailer or a semi-
trailer and a semitrailer (34)
Track Width Means the overall width of an axle across the outside edges
of the tires (34)
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Tractor Wheelbase Means the longitudinal distance from the center of the steer-
ing axle to the geometric center of the drive axle unit (34)
Trailer Converter Dolly Means a vehicle unit consisting of one or more axles, a fifth
wheel and a drawbar used to convert a semitrailer to a full
trailer (34)
Trailer Wheelbase Means the longitudinal distance from the center of the king-
pin of a semitrailer, or the center of the turntable of a full
trailer, or the center of the hitching device on a pony trailer,
to the trailer turn center (34)
Tri-Axle Group Means an axle group containing three consecutive axles
whose extreme centers are not less than 2.4 meters apart, are
not equally spaced, and may be attached to the vehicle in a
manner which does not achieve equalized loading among
the three axles
Tridem Axle Group Means an axle group containing three consecutive axles
whose extreme centers are not less than 2.4 meters apart, are
equally spaced and are attached to the vehicle in a manner
which achieves equalized loading among the three axles (34)
Truck Means a motor vehicle, other than a bus, that is either per-
manently fitted with a special purpose device, or is designed
to and normally used to carry a load, that may operate as a
single unit or may pull a trailer other than a semitrailer (34)
Turn Center Means the geometric center of the axle group on a semitrailer
or pony trailer or the rear axle group on a truck, tractor or
full trailer (34)
Width of Tire Means the width of the tire as customarily measured and
rated by manufacturers of motor vehicles and tires (34)
