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OCR for page 173
Index
A
Accretion, 27, 45, 125, 131, 158
Actuarial i55ue5, 5, 8, 18, 68, 72, 82,
91
Cc also Erosion hazard zones
Aerial photography, 94-96, 102, 107,
117, 123, 124-125, 127,
128-129, 136-137
Alaska, 27
Army Corps of Engineers, 14, 51,
52-53, 54, 56, 93, 110, 115, 122,
140, 152
Association of State Floodplain
Managers Surrey, 97
Atlantic Coast, 23, 24, 26, 36-38, 52,
56, 74
see ~80 8pecipc borders thatch
Average annual erosion rate, 64, 80,
81, 86, 87, 89, 90, 95-99, 104,
154
A-zones, 62, 63, 74
B
Banks and banking, 8CC Loans
Barrier islands, 23, 29, 36, 37, 38,
45, 47, 83, 106, 108
173
Coastal Barrier Resources Act, 47,
52, 56
Beaches, 2, 11-12, 23-41, 55, 107,
117, 126, 137, 140, 165-166
biogenic formations, 25, 40
Carolina Beachfront Management
Act, 167
cost of use, 17
nourishment, 4, 7, 10, 11, 14, 17,
30, 23, 37, 38, 56-58, 69, 98,
106, 107, 108, 116, 117, 155
pocket, 21, 36, 39, 45
protection, general, 59-64
recreational, 36-37, 65, 105-106,
109, 123
sand bypasses, 29, 61
sea level and, 20, 23, 24, 25, 35-36,
80
sources and sinks, 2, 4, 23-25, 33,
40, 41, 45, 110, 117, 132
8CC also Dunes
Bibliographies, 128
Biological factors, beach formations,
25, 40
Bluffs, 23, 24, 40, 41, 45, 78, 80, 98,
102-103, 115, 123, 126, 135, 137
JCC ~80 Dunes
Breakwaters, 10, 20, 35-36, 60-61
OCR for page 174
174
Building codes, 67, 89, 72, 78, 82,
89, 98, 103-104, 115
condemnation, 81, 85, 86-87, 88, 89
see also Permits and licenses;
Setback requirements
C
Calcium carbonate, 25
California, 21, 27, 33, 35, 38-39, 40,
65, 109-117
Carolina Beachfront Management
Act, 167
Chesapeake Bay, 23
Chevron Oil Company, 116-117
Classification, 40, 45
beaches, 21, 23
erosion hazard areas, delineation,
5-7, 55, 74-76, 80, 89-91, 94,
101-102, 138, 167
flood V8. erosion damage,
definition, 4, 16, 72-73, 93
Clean Water Act, 18
see also Federal Water Pollution
Control Act
Climate and weather, sec Weather
and climate
Coastal Barrier Resources Act
(CBRA), 47, 52, 56
Coastal Construction Control Line
(CCCL), 107, 108
Coastal Erosion Information System,
126
Coastal States Organization, 95
Coastal Zone Conservation Act,
110-114, 115
Coastal Zone Management Act, 18,
54, 55, 67
Community Rating System, 9, 90
Computer science
mapping, 128-129, 136, 137
Monte Carlo simulations, 120, 121,
122, 133-134, 138, 140
real time, 110, 154
transport models, programmed, 154
see also Data bases
Condemnation, 81, 85, 86-87, 88, 89
see also Demolition and relocation
Court cases, 48, 64-65, 104
Currents, 2, 23, 25, 72, 80, 81, 110
El Nina, 29, 114, 121
INDEX
em also Breakwaters; Groins and
jetties; Littoral drift/transport;
Seawalls and revetments
D
Dams, 11, 21, 24, 35
Data bases, 14, 120-121, 122-124,
127, 132-133, 136,
Geographic Information System,
76, 139-140
Data collection and analysis, Cc
Computer science; Information
needs; Statistics
Defense, 1
Delaware, 21
Demography, ecc Population factors
Demolition and relocation, 2-3, 7,
010, 37, 38, 66-67, 69, 79-80,
82, 84-89, 91, 99-100
Department of the Interior, 51,
53-54, 93
Disaster Relief Act, 83
Disasters and disaster assistance, 101
Cc also Floods; Hurricanes;
Insurance; Storms
Dredging
federal regulation, 51, 52-53, 54
offshore disposal, 10, 31, 33, 34
sand and gravel mining, 11-12, 17,
21, 33
state regulation, 98
Dunes, 2, 25, 40, 41, 55, 61, 62, 67,
69, 74, 75, 80, 83, 135, 138, 140,
157, 165-167
state programs, 98, 105, 108
BCC also Barrier islands; Bluffs
EEarthquakes, 27, 36, 39, 100110,
114, 115-116
Easements, 89
Economic factors, 1-2, 18
actuarial issues, 5, 8, 18, 68, 72, 82,
91
beach nourishment, 11, 37, 108-109
building requirements, 67, 69, 72
OCR for page 175
INDEX
demolition and relocation,
structures, 9-10, 66, 79-80,
84-89, 91
erosion and flood losses and
insurance, 55, 71, 72, 76-77, 79,
83-87, 91, 100-101, 105
erosion hazard zone insurance
rates, 8, 68, 91
erosion mitigation, 17, 54-55
Federal Insurance Rate Maps, cost,
18, 74, 76-78
government funding, 50-51, 52,
54-55, 66-67, 71, 72, 76-77, 79,
161
loans, 49, 100, 101
mapping, 129
public infrastructure investment,
68, 106
tax incentives, 106
see also Property owners and
ownership
Education, public, 12-13, 68, 94,
101-102, 106, 167
environmental impact statements,
10, 12, 52
El Nina, 29, 114, 121
Energy resources, offshore, 33-35,
114
Engineering, 2, 11, 37, 46, 56 62, 73
infrastructure, 2, 50-51, 56, 68, 106
see ~80 Navigational structures and
waterways; Structural erosion
control
Environmental Protection Agency,
52, 53, 54, 93
impact statements, 10, 12, 52
Erosion hazard zones (E-zones), 72
delineation, 5-7, 55, 74-76, 80,
89-91, 94, 101-102, 138, 167
information requirements, 13
insurance rates, 8, 68
relocation benefits, 9-10
state-level, 94, 95, 101-102
see ~JO Average annual erosion
rate; Demolition and relocation;
Setback requirements
Error analysis, maps, 124, 125, 137,
138
Executive Order 11988, 15, 93
Executive Order 11990, 15, 93
175
Federal Emergency Management
Agency (FEMA), 13-15, 17, 52,
55, 120, 122, 128, 129, 134-137,
156, 167
flood- and erosion-related losses, 2,
72, 77, 78, 86-93
recommendations,.4, 5-10, 13-15,
81-82, 117, 139-140
JCC ~JO National Flood Insurance
Act/Program; Upton-Jones
Amendment
Federal government, 17, 164
damage mitigation programs, 16,
54-55
regulation, 49, 50-56
resource management, 44, 54-55
JCC ~JO Law; Laws, specific; ~peciTc
agencies
Federal Insurance Administration, 3
4, 52
Federal Water Pollution Control
Act, 52-53
JCC ~JO Clean Water Act
Fish and Wildlife Service, 53-54
Flood Disaster Protection Act, 72-73
Floodplains, 80-81
Executive Order 11988, 15, 93
Federal Insurance Rate Mans. 18
74, 76-77
management, 14-15, 62, Cc also
National Flood Insurance
Act/Program
state and local actions, 64, 80
Unified National Program, 14-15,
92-93
V-zones, 62, 63, 74-76, 77-78, 91,
166
Floods, 40, 65, 68, 157
beach types and, 21
control measures, 10-11, 18, 48
w. erosion, definition, 4, 16, 72-73,
93
Gulf Coast, 38
Unified National Program, 14-15,
92-93
see also National Flood Insurance
Act/Program
Florida, 4, 13, 30, 32, 34, 37-38, 57,
59, 61, 64, 99, 107-109, 123, 154
OCR for page 176
176
G
GENESIS, 152
Geographic Information System, 76,
139-140
Geological considerations, 26,27,36,
39,41,109-110,114, 115-116
see also Oceanography; Subsidence
Geological Survey, 93,122,124,128
Georgia, 37
Glaciation processes and effects, 26,
36,41
Government role, 47,50-51
see ~80 Federal government; Law;
Local government; State
government
Gravel, Cc Sand and gravel
Great Lakes, 1, 3,21,40-41,51,53,
78-79,85,98,100-104,123,124
dredging, 52
seasonal erosion, 18
see ~80 specific horde Jt~CJ
Greenhouse effect, 114
Groins and jetties, 2j 10,11,14,30,
35-36, 46, 48,59, 116-117
Gulf of Mexico, coastal zone, 38,52,
56
beaches, 23,24,26
Rood zone mapping, 74
subsidence, 27,35
ace ~80 8pCCipC borders Jt~Cd
H
Harbors and ports, 1, 10, 20,38-39,
98
Historical perspectives, 1
Coastal Zone Conservation Act,
112-113
geologic conditions, 26, 27,36,39,
41,109-110, 114,115-116
sea level changes, 25,26
shoreline changes, 20; in prediction,
7,10,107, 120,122-129,
136-140
Housing and Community
Development Act, 78, 79, 81-82
see also Upton-Jones Amendment
Human factors, 2, 4,18, 25, 29,
33-35,41,45,85,98,132
emotion, 167
INDEX
recreation, 36-39,65, 73,105-106,
109,123
8CC also Education; Law; Political
factors; Population factors
Hurricanes, 2,14, 25,29,36,74,78,
99,125,126
Camille, 26,38, 77
Elena, 38
Eloise, 154
Hugo, 77,83, 87,91,165-167
Kate, 38
I
Indiana, 99
Information needs, 3,120,140
bibliographies, 128
Coastal Erosion Information
System, 126
Coastal Resources Information
Center, 114
Community Rating System, 9, 90
environmental impact statements,
10, 12, 52
Geographic Information System,
76, 139-140
Nadriorzal Atlas, 128
sec ado Computer science; Data
bases; Education; Models;
Statistics
Infrastructure, 2, 50-51, 56, 68,106
dCC ~JO Navigational structures and
waterways; Structural erosion
control
Inlets, 20, 2~30, 45, 61
tidal, 14, 23, 25, 31, 33
Insurance, 17, 68, 157
actuarial issues, 5, 8, 18, 68, 72, 82,
91
Federal Insurance Administration,
3, 4, 52
priorate, 4, 16~17
JCC also National Flood Insurance
Act/Program; Upton-Jones
Amendment
Intracoastal Waterway, 52
Islands, Cc Barrier islands
Italy, 35
J
Jetties, 8CC Groins and jetties
OCR for page 177
INDEX
Jurisdiction, 1, 16, 46-47
Lakes, 2
den also Great Lakes
Land and Water Conservation Fund,
67
Land management, 3, 7-8,16, 18,
44, 62-68,106
federal government, 71, 82
floodplains, 14-15, 62, 71, Cc ale o
National Flood Insurance
Act/Program; Upton-Jones
Amendment
laissez-faire, 17
local, 67, 73, 75,77,83, 102,161
state-level programs, 17, 94-117,
161
Unified National Program, 14-15,
92-93
Bee also National Flood Insurance
Act/Program; Regulations
Landslides, 116
Law, 3
court cases, 48, 64-65, 104
jurisdiction, 1, 16, 46-47
see ~80 Building codes; Permits and
licenses; Property owners and
ownership; Regulations;
Standards
Laws, specific
Carolina Beachfront Management
Act, 167
Clean Water Act, 18
Coastal Barrier Resources Act
(CBRA), 47, 52, 56
Coastal Zone Conservation Act,
110-114, 115
Coastal Zone Management Act, 18,
54, 55, 67
Disaster Relief Act, 83
Executive Orders 11988 and 11990,
15, 93
Federal Water Pollution Control
Act (Section 404), 52-53
Flood Disaster Protection Act,
72-73
Housing and Community
Development Act, 78, 79, 81-82
177
Land and Water Conservation
E`und, 67
National Environmental Policy
Act, 52
Shorelands Protection and
Management Act, 101-104
Cc also National Flood Insurance
Act/Program; Upton-Jones
Amendment
Licenses and permits, sec Permits
and licenses
Litigation, sec Court cases
Littoral drift/transport, 21,24,25,
27,30-33,39,40,45, 57,
120-121
accretion, 27,45,125,131,158
barrier islands, 23,29,36,37,38,
45,47,83,106,108
models, 129-132,151-159
sand bypasses, 29,61,108
ace ale o Breakwaters; Groins and
jetties; Sinks and sources
Loans, 49,100,101
Local government, 50-51,81,82,139
Community Rating System, 9, 90
federal support, 55,66-67, 73, 75,
94,117
jurisdictional issues, 46-47
management programs and tools,
67,73,75, 77,83,102,161-162
research, 18,123
standards, 8
state/local cooperation, 95,104,
106,109
zoning, 49, 64~5
Louisiana, 21,38
Lumped v. LRy,48
M
Management, JCC Land management
Mangroves, 62,75
Mapping, 55,124-125,127-129,136,
137
A- and V-zones, 62,63, 74-76,
77-78,91,166
ae r ial p hot o graphy, 9 4-96,102,
107,117,123, 124-125,127,
128-129,136-137
computer-based, 128-129,136,137;
dCC ~JO Data bases
OCR for page 178
178
erosion hazard areas, delineation,
5-7, 55, 74-76,80,89-91,94,
101-102,138,167
error analysis, maps, 124,125,137,
138
Federal Insurance Rate Maps, 18,
74,76-77
historical shoreline changes, in
prediction, 7, 107,120,122-129,
136-140
Natatoria] Atlas, 128
standards, 124,125,136, 137
Maryland, 29,31,47
Massachusetts, 21,27,36,48,64
Mathematical and numerical models,
13, 107, 129-135, 139, 140,
151-156
Monte Carlo simulations, 120, 121,
122,133-134,138, 140
McCarthy v. City of Manhatten Beach,
65
Methodologies, 7,56~8
aerial photography, 94-96,102,
107,117, 123, 124-125,127,
128-129,136-137
Federal Emergency Management
Agency, 13-15, 72,77,78,
81-82,89,86-93,122,129,
134-137,139-140,156,167
historical shoreline changes, in
prediction, 7,107,120,122-129,
136-140
sec also Classification; Computer
science; Mapping; Models;
Statistics
Michigan, 41,81, 83,98, 99,100-104
Mining, sand and gravel, 11-12,17,
21,33
Mississippi, 26, 27,38
Models, 13,120-121,129-139,
151-159
mathematical and numerical
models, 13,107,129-135,139,
140,151-156
real time, 110, 154
storms, effects, 120, 122, 131, 132,
133, 140,154, 156
transport models, 129-132, 151-159
see also Mapping
Monte Carlo simulations, 120, 121,
122,133-134,138,140
INDEX
Multidisciplinary approach, 14,
18-19,92-93
N
National Atlas, 128
National Environmental Policy Act,
52
National Estuary Program, 54
National Flood Insurance
Act/Program, 2,3,55, 62,67,
68
costs, 76-78
erosion provisions, 8-9,17-18,
71-93,98
hazard delineation, 74-76
private interests and, 49
rate maps, 18,74, 76, 77
regulations (CFR), 72-76, 86-87,
89-91
research and data needs, 13
standards, 4-5
text, selected, 161-163
Unified National Program, 14-15,
92-93
arc also Upton-Jones Amendment
National Map Accuracy Standards,
124,125,136,137
National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, 14,52,54-55,
93,122,123,140
Office of Ocean and Coastal
Resources Management, 54-55,
93
National Ocean Service, 123-125,
128,136
National Park Service, 53, 93
National programs, 14-15,17,50-56,
91-93
data base, 139-140
geographically selective, 47
map standards, 124,125,136,137
National Research Council, 3,68
Navigational structures and
waterways, 1~11, 20,29-30,
108
dredging regulation, 51,52-53,54
harbors and ports, 1, 10, 20,38-39,
98
Intracoastal Waterway, 52
Netherlands, 154,158-159
OCR for page 179
INDE}f
New Jersey, 13, 21, 37, 38, 47, 64,
127, 128-129, 137
New York, 23, 36, 37, 47
North Carolina, 27, 37, 64, 79, 81,
83, 86, 95, 98, 104-107
Numerical and mathematical
models, 13, 107, 129-132, 139,
140, 151-156
Monte Carlo simulations, 120, 121,
122, 133-134, 138, 140
o
Oceanography, 7, 14, 120, 122, 133,
136, 138
Geographic Information System,
76, 139-140
see also Currents; Littoral
drift/transport; Mapping; Sea
level; Tides; Wave processes;
Weather and climate
Office of Ocean and Coastal
Resources Management, 54-55,
93
Ohio, 41
Oil production, 33-35, 116-117
Oregon, 21, 39
p
Pacific Coast, 36, 38-40
beaches, 21, 23, 24, 26
flood zone mapping, 74
see ~80 ~pecipc borders statue
Pennsylvania, 81, 99
Permits and licences
dredging, 52-53, 54
erosion control structures, 116-117
Bood- and erosion-prone areas, 82,
89, 103-104, 107-108
Photography, mapping, sec Aerial
photography
Physical processes, 4, 18, 129-130
accretion, 27, 45, 125, 131, 158
diversity of, 45
glaciation processes and effects, 26,
36, 41
landslides, 116
real time, 110, 154
subsidence, 12, 21, 26, 27, 33-35,
38, 72, 98, 162
179
8CC also Climate and weather;
Currents; Littoral
drift/transport; Sea level; Sinks
and sources; Tides; Wave
processes
Political factors, 18
jurisdictional, 1, 16, 46-47
setbacks, 100
Population factors, 1, 16, 109
recreation, 36-39, 65, 73, 105-106,
109, 123
settlement diversity, 18, 45-46
urban areas, 1, 36, 37, 46, 137
Ports and harbors, Cc Harbor and
ports
Prediction, 13, 14, 16, 79, 121-122
shoreline changes, 20; in prediction,
7, 10, 107, 120, 122-129,
136-138
8CC also Erosion hazard zones;
Models
Preserves and refuges, 53-54, 66
President of the United States
Executive Orders, 15, 93
Private interests, 47-49, 109
insurance companies, 4, 16-17
Property owners and ownership,
45-46, 50, 99-100
condemnation, 81, 85, 86-87, 88, 89
easements, 89
education of, 12-13, 68, 94,
101-102, 106, 111, 114, 167
real estate, 49, 109
responsibilities, 5, 103, 167
rights, 1, 18, 48-49, 64-65, 89
8CC ~80 Condemnation; Demolition
and relocation; Insurance
Public access, 1
Public opinion, 16
regulatory process, 18, 49
8CC ~80 Education
Public property, 1-2
Cc also Infrastructure
n.
Real estate, 49, 109
8CC ~80 Property owners and
ownership
Real time, 110, 154
OCR for page 180
180
Recreation, 36-39, 65, 73, 105-106,
109, 123
8ec also Beaches
Reefs, 6~61
Refuges and preserves, ecc Preserves
and refuges
Regional issues, 21-23, 42
subsidence, 38
Regulations, 49-51
dredging, regulation, 51, 52-53, 64
jurisdiction, 1, 16, 46-47
laissez-faire w., 17
land use, 16, 20; Cc also Land
management
National Flood Insurance
Act/Program (CFR provisions),
72-76, 86-87, 89-91
public input, 18, 49
state-level, 46, 48, 49, 50-51,
64-65, 78, 82, 94-117, 163
ace aid o Building codes; Erosion
hazard zones; Permits and
licenses; Setback requirements;
Standards
Relocation, Cc Demolition and
relocation
Remote sensing, 140
Research, 10, 14, 15, 123, 132, 140
federal, 122, 162-163
redundancy, 18
state, 95, 111, 114, 123
Revetments, 8CC Seawalls and
revetments
Rhode Island, 36
Risk assessment, sec Erosion hazard
zones; Prediction
Rivers, 24, 30, 39-40
dams, 11, 21, 24, 35
delta subsidence, 27, 35
good zones, 75-76
S
Sand and gravel, 2
bypasses, 29, 61, 108
mining, 11-12, 17, 21, 33
oRshore disposal, 10, 31, 33, 34
sources and sinks, 2, 4, 23-25, 33,
40, 41, 45, 110, 117, 132
8ec also Beaches; Dredging; Dunes;
Littoral drift/transport
INDEX
Sea level, 2, 39, 45, 80, 98, 109-110,
114, 125, 158
beaches, 20, 23, 24, 25, 35-36, 80
sec also Tides
Seasonal factors, 18, 120, 122, 126
beaches, 25-26
E1 Nina, 29, 114, 121
Seawalls and revetments, 11, 14, 29,
35-36, 46, 59-60, 156, 165
Sediment, ecu Littoral
drift/transport; Sand and gravel
Setback requirements, 55, 65, 67, 126
National Flood Insurance Program,
7, 62, 64, 73, 75, 78, 79, 80, 82,
90-91, 167
state requirements, 81, 94-99, 102,
103, 105-108, 167
8CC ~30 Average annual erosion
rate; Demolition and relocation
Shorelands Protection and
Management Act, 101-104
Sinks and sources, sand, 2, 4, 23-25,
33, 40, 41, 45, 110, 117, 132
Slope gradient and stability, 23, 45
South Carolina, 37, 81, 83
Hurricane Hugo, 77, 83, 87, 91,
165-167
Spieglc v. Borough of Beach Ha?' cr`, 65
Spills, 114
Standards, 7-8
condemnation, 81, 85, 86-87, 88, 89
data base, 13, 136
flood hazard zones, 71-73, 75, 77
maps, 124, 125, 136, 137
national, 18, 77, 124, 161
National Flood Insurance Program,
3, 4-5, 71-73, 75, 77, 80, 81,
89-91
state and local, 8
Cc also Building codes; Setback
requirements
State government, 8, 17, 94-117,
161, 163, 164
average annual erosion rate, 64, 80,
81, 86, 95-99, 104
Coastal Zone Management Act,
federal/state cooperation, 18,
54-55
erosion hazard zones, 94, 95,
101-102
expertise, 93
OCR for page 181
INDEX
mapping, 128-129
numerical and mathematical
models, 13, 107, 139, 151-156
research, 18, 95
regulations, 46, 48, 49, 50-51,
64-65, 78, 82, 94-117
setback requirements, 81, 94-99,
102, 103, 105-106
standards, 8
wetlands, 64
8CC ~80 dpCCi[C Hatch
Statistics, 7, 13, 14, 120-121,
132-133, 138, 140
maps, errors, 124, 125, 128, 137
mathematical and numerical
models, 13, 107, 120135, 139,
140, 151-156
Monte Carlo simulations, 120, 121,
122, 133-134, 138, 140
tabular data, 137
waves processes, 110, 114, 132
Statutes, Cc Law; Laws, specific
Storms, 2, 14, 99
beaches and, 20, 21, 24, 25, 26, 57,
65
insurance, 3, 74, 79, 87
modeling, predictive, 120, 122, 131,
132, 133, 140, 154, 156
state programs, 105, 106, 107,
114-115
surges, tidal, 26, 152, 154, 165-166
see also Hurricanes
Structural erosion control, 2, 3, 11,
14, 69, 106, 107, 116-117
beach nourishment, 4, 7, 10, 11, 14,
17, 23, 30, 37, 38, 56-58, 69, 98,
106, 107, 108, 116, 117, 155
sand bypasses, 29, 61
Cc also Breakwaters; Demolition
and relocation; Groins and
jetties; Seawalls and revetments
Subsidence, 12, 21, 26, 27, 33-35, 38,
72, 98, 162
TTax incentives, 106
Temporal factors, 22
beach development, 23
geologic conditions, 26, 27, 36, 39,
41, 109-110, 114, 115-116
181
prediction, 12~140
real time, 110, 154
seasonal factors, 18, 25-26, 120,
122, 126
sec ago Historical perspectives;
Prediction
Texas, 35, 38, 99
Tides, 2, 23, 28, 30, 135
inlets, tidal, 14, 23, 25, 31, 33
storm surges, 26, 152, 154, 165-166
Transport models, 12~132, 151-159
Tropical regions, 25
U
Unified National Program for
Floodplain Management, 14-15,
92-93
Upton-Jones Amendment, 2-3, 17,
64, 78-90, 120, 140, 145-147
relocation benefits, 9-10
Urban areas, 1, 36, 37, 46, 137
V
Virginia, 47
V-zones, 62, 63, 74-76, 77-78, 91,
166
W
Washington State, 39
Waste management
dredge spoil, 10, 31, 33, 34, 52, 54
septic systems, 103
Water Resources Council, 92
Wave processes, 2, 14, 21, 23, 25, 57,
65, 72, 74, 80, 81, 110, 114-115,
130, 131, 132, 138, 140, 152,
154-156
Atlantic vat. Pacific, 36, 39
Great Lakes, 40
em also Breakwaters; Groins and
jetties; Littoral drift/transport;
Seawalls and revetments
Weather and climate, 45, 110, 131
El Nina, 29, 114, 121
greenhouse effect, 114
wind, 2, 23, 26, 67, 75, 110, 165
Cc also Hurricanes; Storms; Wave
processes
Wetlands, 53, 54, 64
OCR for page 182
182
Executive Order 11990, 15, 93
Wind, 2, 23, 26, 67, 75, 110, 165
Wisconsin, 41, 64
z
Zoning, 3, 49, 50, 64-65, 82, 102, 104
INDEX
A- and V-zones, 62, 63, 74-76,
77-78, 91
Federal Insurance Rate Maps, 18,
74, 76-77
arc also Erosion hazard zones; Flood-
plains; Setback requirements
Representative terms from entire chapter:
national flood
