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NATIONAL
NCHRP REPORT 678
COOPERATIVE
HIGHWAY
RESEARCH
PROGRAM
Design of FRP Systems
for Strengthening
Concrete Girders in Shear
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TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD 2010 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE*
OFFICERS
CHAIR: Michael R. Morris, Director of Transportation, North Central Texas Council of Governments, Arlington
VICE CHAIR: Neil J. Pedersen, Administrator, Maryland State Highway Administration, Baltimore
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: Robert E. Skinner, Jr., Transportation Research Board
MEMBERS
J. Barry Barker, Executive Director, Transit Authority of River City, Louisville, KY
Allen D. Biehler, Secretary, Pennsylvania DOT, Harrisburg
Larry L. Brown, Sr., Executive Director, Mississippi DOT, Jackson
Deborah H. Butler, Executive Vice President, Planning, and CIO, Norfolk Southern Corporation, Norfolk, VA
William A.V. Clark, Professor, Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles
Eugene A. Conti, Jr., Secretary of Transportation, North Carolina DOT, Raleigh
Nicholas J. Garber, Henry L. Kinnier Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, and Director, Center for Transportation Studies, University of
Virginia, Charlottesville
Jeffrey W. Hamiel, Executive Director, Metropolitan Airports Commission, Minneapolis, MN
Paula J. Hammond, Secretary, Washington State DOT, Olympia
Edward A. (Ned) Helme, President, Center for Clean Air Policy, Washington, DC
Adib K. Kanafani, Cahill Professor of Civil Engineering, University of California, Berkeley
Susan Martinovich, Director, Nevada DOT, Carson City
Debra L. Miller, Secretary, Kansas DOT, Topeka
Sandra Rosenbloom, Professor of Planning, University of Arizona, Tucson
Tracy L. Rosser, Vice President, Corporate Traffic, Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., Mandeville, LA
Steven T. Scalzo, Chief Operating Officer, Marine Resources Group, Seattle, WA
Henry G. (Gerry) Schwartz, Jr., Chairman (retired), Jacobs/Sverdrup Civil, Inc., St. Louis, MO
Beverly A. Scott, General Manager and Chief Executive Officer, Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority, Atlanta, GA
David Seltzer, Principal, Mercator Advisors LLC, Philadelphia, PA
Daniel Sperling, Professor of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science and Policy; Director, Institute of Transportation Studies; and Interim
Director, Energy Efficiency Center, University of California, Davis
Kirk T. Steudle, Director, Michigan DOT, Lansing
Douglas W. Stotlar, President and CEO, Con-Way, Inc., Ann Arbor, MI
C. Michael Walton, Ernest H. Cockrell Centennial Chair in Engineering, University of Texas, Austin
EX OFFICIO MEMBERS
Peter H. Appel, Administrator, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, U.S.DOT
J. Randolph Babbitt, Administrator, Federal Aviation Administration, U.S.DOT
Rebecca M. Brewster, President and COO, American Transportation Research Institute, Smyrna, GA
George Bugliarello, President Emeritus and University Professor, Polytechnic Institute of New York University, Brooklyn; Foreign Secretary,
National Academy of Engineering, Washington, DC
Anne S. Ferro, Administrator, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, U.S.DOT
LeRoy Gishi, Chief, Division of Transportation, Bureau of Indian Affairs, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC
Edward R. Hamberger, President and CEO, Association of American Railroads, Washington, DC
John C. Horsley, Executive Director, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC
David T. Matsuda, Deputy Administrator, Maritime Administration, U.S.DOT
Victor M. Mendez, Administrator, Federal Highway Administration, U.S.DOT
William W. Millar, President, American Public Transportation Association, Washington, DC
Tara O'Toole, Under Secretary for Science and Technology, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC
Robert J. Papp (Adm., U.S. Coast Guard), Commandant, U.S. Coast Guard, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC
Cynthia L. Quarterman, Administrator, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, U.S.DOT
Peter M. Rogoff, Administrator, Federal Transit Administration, U.S.DOT
David L. Strickland, Administrator, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S.DOT
Joseph C. Szabo, Administrator, Federal Railroad Administration, U.S.DOT
Polly Trottenberg, Assistant Secretary for Transportation Policy, U.S.DOT
Robert L. Van Antwerp (Lt. Gen., U.S. Army), Chief of Engineers and Commanding General, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC
*Membership as of October 2010.
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NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM
NCHRP REPORT 678
Design of FRP Systems
for Strengthening
Concrete Girders in Shear
Abdeldjelil Belarbi
Sang-Wook Bae
MISSOURI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Rolla, MO
Ashraf Ayoub
UNIVERSITY OF HOUSTON
Houston, TX
Daniel Kuchma
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN
Urbana, IL
Amir Mirmiran
FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY
Miami, FL
Ayman Okeil
LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY
Baton Rouge, LA
Subscriber Categories
Bridges and Other Structures
Research sponsored by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD
WASHINGTON, D.C.
2011
www.TRB.org
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NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY NCHRP REPORT 678
RESEARCH PROGRAM
Systematic, well-designed research provides the most effective Project 12-75
approach to the solution of many problems facing highway ISSN 0077-5614
administrators and engineers. Often, highway problems are of local ISBN 978-0-309-15531-1
interest and can best be studied by highway departments individually Library of Congress Control Number 2010943265
or in cooperation with their state universities and others. However, the © 2011 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
accelerating growth of highway transportation develops increasingly
complex problems of wide interest to highway authorities. These
problems are best studied through a coordinated program of COPYRIGHT INFORMATION
cooperative research.
Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining
In recognition of these needs, the highway administrators of the written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials published or copyrighted material used herein.
initiated in 1962 an objective national highway research program Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this
employing modern scientific techniques. This program is supported on publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the
understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA,
a continuing basis by funds from participating member states of the
FMCSA, FTA, or Transit Development Corporation endorsement of a particular product,
Association and it receives the full cooperation and support of the method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for
Federal Highway Administration, United States Department of educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of
any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission
Transportation.
from CRP.
The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies was
requested by the Association to administer the research program
because of the Board's recognized objectivity and understanding of
NOTICE
modern research practices. The Board is uniquely suited for this
purpose as it maintains an extensive committee structure from which The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the National Cooperative Highway
Research Program, conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the approval of
authorities on any highway transportation subject may be drawn; it the Governing Board of the National Research Council.
possesses avenues of communications and cooperation with federal,
The members of the technical panel selected to monitor this project and to review this
state and local governmental agencies, universities, and industry; its report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance.
relationship to the National Research Council is an insurance of The report was reviewed by the technical panel and accepted for publication according to
procedures established and overseen by the Transportation Research Board and approved
objectivity; it maintains a full-time research correlation staff of
by the Governing Board of the National Research Council.
specialists in highway transportation matters to bring the findings of
The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the
research directly to those who are in a position to use them. researchers who performed the research and are not necessarily those of the Transportation
The program is developed on the basis of research needs identified Research Board, the National Research Council, or the program sponsors.
by chief administrators of the highway and transportation departments The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, the National Research
and by committees of AASHTO. Each year, specific areas of research Council, and the sponsors of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program do not
needs to be included in the program are proposed to the National endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers' names appear herein solely
because they are considered essential to the object of the report.
Research Council and the Board by the American Association of State
Highway and Transportation Officials. Research projects to fulfill these
needs are defined by the Board, and qualified research agencies are
selected from those that have submitted proposals. Administration and
surveillance of research contracts are the responsibilities of the National
Research Council and the Transportation Research Board.
The needs for highway research are many, and the National
Cooperative Highway Research Program can make significant
contributions to the solution of highway transportation problems of
mutual concern to many responsible groups. The program, however, is
intended to complement rather than to substitute for or duplicate other
highway research programs.
Published reports of the
NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM
are available from:
Transportation Research Board
Business Office
500 Fifth Street, NW
Washington, DC 20001
and can be ordered through the Internet at:
http://www.national-academies.org/trb/bookstore
Printed in the United States of America
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COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAMS
CRP STAFF FOR NCHRP REPORT 678
Christopher W. Jenks, Director, Cooperative Research Programs
Crawford F. Jencks, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs
Amir N. Hanna, Senior Program Officer
Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications
Maria Sabin Crawford, Assistant Editor
NCHRP PROJECT 12-75 PANEL
Field of Design--Area of Bridges
Bruce V. Johnson, Oregon DOT, Salem, OR (Chair)
Jim Gutierrez, California DOT, Sacramento, CA
Bryan A. Hartnagel, Missouri DOT, Jefferson City, MO
Amy Leland, Washington State DOT, Olympia, WA
Maria M. Lopez de Murphy, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Wayne J. Seger, Tennessee DOT, Nashville, TN
Jiten Soneji, Delaware DOT, Dover, DE
Gamil Tadros, SPECO Engineering Ltd., Calgary, AB
Eric P. Munley, FHWA Liaison
Stephen F. Maher, TRB Liaison
AUTHOR ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The research reported herein was performed under NCHRP Project 12-75 at the High-bay Structures
Laboratory in the Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering at Missouri Uni-
versity of Science & Technology. Abdeldjelil Belarbi, Professor and Chair of the Department of Civil and
Environmental Engineering at University of Houston Cullen College of Engineering (formerly with Mis-
souri University of Science & Technology), was the Principal Investigator. Other contributors to the report
are Amir Mirmiran, Professor and Dean of the College of Engineering and Computing at Florida Interna-
tional University; Ashraf Ayoub, Professor of Civil Engineering in the Department of Civil and Environ-
mental Engineering at University of Houston Cullen College of Engineering; Ayman Okeil, Professor of
Civil Engineering in the College of Engineering at Louisiana State University; and Daniel Kuchma, Pro-
fessor of Civil Engineering in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University
of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Post-Doctoral, Doctoral, and Graduate students who worked on this
project were Sang-Wook Bae, Young-min You, Michael Murphy, Carlos Ortega, Antonio Brancaccio, and
Rocio Tumialan in the Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering at Missouri
University of Science & Technology. Professor Neil Hawkins of the Department of Civil and Environmen-
tal Engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Professor Antoine E. Naaman of the
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Michigan; Professor Kenneth
Neale of the Department of Civil Engineering at the University of Sherbrooke; and Omar Chaallal, Pro-
fessor of Construction Engineering at École de Technologie Supérieure, Canada provided guidance to the
research team.
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FOREWORD
By Amir N. Hanna
Staff Officer
Transportation Research Board
This report presents design guidelines for concrete girders strengthened in shear using
externally bonded Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) systems. These guidelines address the
strengthening schemes and application of the FRP systems and their contribution to shear
capacity of reinforced and prestressed concrete girders. The guidelines are supplemented
by design examples to illustrate their use for concrete beams strengthened with different FRP
systems. The guidelines are presented in AASHTO LRFD format to facilitate use and incor-
poration into the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications. Also, the report presents rec-
ommended changes to the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications to introduce provi-
sions pertaining to the use of FRP systems for strengthening concrete girders in shear. The
material contained in the report should be of immediate interest to state bridge engineers
and those involved in the strengthening and repair of concrete structures using FRP systems.
Use of externally bonded FRP systems for the repair and strengthening of reinforced and
prestressed concrete bridge structures has become accepted practice by some state highway
agencies because of their technical and economic benefits. Such FRP systems are light-
weight, exhibit high tensile strength, and are easy to install; these features facilitate handling
and help expedite repair or construction. Extensive research has shown that FRP systems
improve both short- and long-term flexural behavior of concrete girders. Several analytical
studies have dealt with the shear behavior of concrete girders strengthened with FRP sys-
tems and a number of models were developed to predict such behavior. However, limited
experimental studies have investigated the validity of these models. Nevertheless, some of
these studies have shown that FRP systems can provide an effective means for increasing the
shear capacity of concrete girders. Currently, there are no widely accepted guidelines for the
design of concrete girders strengthened in shear using externally bonded FRP systems. Thus,
research was needed to review available information, conduct analytical and experimental
investigations to evaluate the contributions of FRP systems to shear capacity, and develop
design guidelines for concrete girders strengthened in shear using externally bonded FRP
systems. These guidelines will provide highway agencies with the information necessary for
considering externally bonded FRP systems for shear strengthening of concrete girders to
expedite repair and yield economic and other benefits.
Under NCHRP Project 12-75, "Design of FRP Systems for Strengthening Concrete Gird-
ers in Shear," Missouri University of Science and Technology of Rolla, conducted a review
of the existing information and practices relevant to the strengthening of concrete girders in
shear using FRP systems; identified the factors that influence the design of such girders; eval-
uated available design methods and the shear design parameters that account for the FRP
strengthening; and conducted laboratory tests to evaluate the effect of important factors on
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girder response and shear strengthening. Results of this work provided a basis for develop-
ing guidelines and proposed changes to the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications. The
guidelines and proposed changes are accompanied by commentaries that are necessary for
explaining the background, applicability, and limitations of the respective provisions. In
addition, design examples are provided to illustrate use of the guidelines for designing FRP
systems for strengthening reinforced and prestressed concrete beams.
The guidelines presented in this report will be particularly useful to highway agencies
because they facilitate consideration of FRP systems among the options available for the
shear strengthening of concrete girders and help select options that are expected to yield
economic and other benefits. The incorporation of the recommended design guidelines into
the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications will provide easy access to the information
needed for the design of externally bonded FRP systems for the strengthening of concrete
girders in shear.
The appendix contained in the research agency's final report provides further elaboration
on the work performed in this project. This appendix titled "Research Description and
Findings" is not published herein; but it is available on the NCHRP Report 678 summary
webpage at http://www.trb.org/Main/Blurbs/164622.aspx.
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CONTENTS
1 Summary
4 Chapter 1 Introduction
4 1.1 Background
4 1.2 Research Objectives
4 1.3 Research Plan and Methodology
4 1.4 Organization of the Report
7 Chapter 2 Summary of Major Findings
7 2.1 Use of FRP for Shear Strengthening of Concrete Girders
7 2.2 Field Applications
8 2.3 Existing Analytical Models
8 2.4 Experimental Investigations Reported in the Literature
21 2.5 Current Codes/Guidelines/Specifications
22 2.6 Factors Affecting the Design of FRP Shear Strengthening
32 2.7 Performance Evaluation of Existing Design Methods
33 2.8 Suggestions for Improved Design Methods
35 2.9 Reliability Assessment
37 Chapter 3 Application and Implementation
37 3.1 Approaches for Relevant Changes to AASHTO LRFD
Bridge Design Specifications
38 3.2 Design Guidelines
38 3.3 Design Examples
39 Chapter 4 Summary of Findings and Recommendations
for Future Research
39 4.1 Summary of Findings
40 4.2 Suggestions for Future Research
41 Notations
47 References
51 Attachment A Recommended Changes to AASHTO LRFD
Bridge Design Specifications
59 Attachment B Recommended Design Guidelines
for Concrete Girders Strengthened
in Shear with RFP
Note: Many of the photographs, figures, and tables in this report have been converted from color to grayscale
for printing. The electronic version of the report (posted on the Web at www.trb.org) retains the color versions.
