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A Guide to Emergency Response Planning at State Transportation Agencies (2010)

Chapter: Section 5 - Nature and Degree of Hazards/Threats

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Suggested Citation:"Section 5 - Nature and Degree of Hazards/Threats." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2010. A Guide to Emergency Response Planning at State Transportation Agencies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14469.
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Suggested Citation:"Section 5 - Nature and Degree of Hazards/Threats." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2010. A Guide to Emergency Response Planning at State Transportation Agencies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14469.
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Suggested Citation:"Section 5 - Nature and Degree of Hazards/Threats." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2010. A Guide to Emergency Response Planning at State Transportation Agencies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14469.
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Suggested Citation:"Section 5 - Nature and Degree of Hazards/Threats." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2010. A Guide to Emergency Response Planning at State Transportation Agencies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14469.
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Suggested Citation:"Section 5 - Nature and Degree of Hazards/Threats." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2010. A Guide to Emergency Response Planning at State Transportation Agencies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14469.
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Suggested Citation:"Section 5 - Nature and Degree of Hazards/Threats." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2010. A Guide to Emergency Response Planning at State Transportation Agencies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14469.
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Suggested Citation:"Section 5 - Nature and Degree of Hazards/Threats." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2010. A Guide to Emergency Response Planning at State Transportation Agencies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14469.
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Suggested Citation:"Section 5 - Nature and Degree of Hazards/Threats." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2010. A Guide to Emergency Response Planning at State Transportation Agencies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14469.
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Suggested Citation:"Section 5 - Nature and Degree of Hazards/Threats." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2010. A Guide to Emergency Response Planning at State Transportation Agencies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14469.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Section 5 - Nature and Degree of Hazards/Threats." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2010. A Guide to Emergency Response Planning at State Transportation Agencies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14469.
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Suggested Citation:"Section 5 - Nature and Degree of Hazards/Threats." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2010. A Guide to Emergency Response Planning at State Transportation Agencies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14469.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Section 5 - Nature and Degree of Hazards/Threats." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2010. A Guide to Emergency Response Planning at State Transportation Agencies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14469.
×
Page 100

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89 State transportation agencies across the nation face different types of hazards. Coastal states are at risk from tropical storms, hurricanes, and tsunamis, while states bordering large lakes and bays have some similar weather threats, including seiches.23 Several wide corridors are tornado alleys, with a far higher probability of these storms occurring. The central and southwestern states have dust storms. Numerous rivers, large and small, are potential flooding disasters. Earthquakes are not restricted to the west coast; there are seismic faults in many states. States throughout the nation are prone to forest and grassland wildfires. On the security side, states with large population centers, military or other security- sensitive facilities, and ports are more likely targets of terrorism than the more agricultural states. Yet experience has shown that religious and antisocial extremists can plan to attack the safest of states. While many emergency response actions are similar, there are clear differences as well, requir- ing different human and materiel assets. No state can afford to be totally prepared for every threat; thus, each state needs to assess its vulnerability to each type of threat and assess the potential risks and plan accordingly. Range of Hazards CPG 101 summarizes the typical hazards facing state transportation agencies and others, as shown in Table 4. The authors of this study have added several additional hazards, shown in italic type. Impact on and of the Transportation System Table 5 indicates the typical impacts of each hazard on the transportation system when the system itself is the target of the hazard (second column) and its role in response in all cases (third column). Each ER planner should try to anticipate the most likely incidents as the top priority, while continually updating the plans as experiences of others are shared. A good source of such shared S E C T I O N 5 Nature and Degree of Hazards/Threats 23A seiche is a disturbance or wave that oscillates in lakes, bays, or gulfs from a few minutes to a few hours, usually because of seismic or atmospheric disturbances; also called seiche waves.

90 A Guide to Emergency Response Planning at State Transportation Agencies Table 4. Sample hazards list. Natural Hazards Technological Hazards Human-Caused Hazards Avalanche Drought Earthquake Epidemic Flood Hurricane (tropical cyclone) Landslide or mudslide Tornado Tsunami (or seiche) Volcanic eruption Wildfire or facility fire Winter storm Wind or dust storm Airplane crash Bridge collapse CBRNE Dam or levee failure Electromagnetic pulse HAZMAT release Power failure Radiological release Train derailment Urban conflagration Loss of Internet connectivity Loss of telecommunications Equipment failure Civil disturbance School violence Terrorist or criminal act Sabotage War related Original source: CPG 101, 2009; indicates others added by the research team or from other transportation sources. Table 5. Impact of various hazards on transportation. Hazard Transportation is Target Transportation’s Role in Response Natural Hazards Avalanche Roads might be blocked. Transport first responders in their vehicles and snow-removal equipment. Drought Generally not an issue. Transport caregivers and relief supplies. Earthquake Infrastructure might be damaged or destroyed. Transport first responders in their vehicles and equipment. Epidemic Generally not an issue Transport caregivers and relief supplies. Transportation human resources will be adversely affected leading to shortage in operating staff. In addition, quarantines may affect routes. Flood Infrastructure might be damaged or destroyed. Transport first responders in their vehicles and equipment. Remove debris. Clear roads. Hurricane (tropical cyclone) (or mudslide) (or facility fire) Infrastructure might be damaged or destroyed. Major evacuation provide alternative routing, and transport first responders in their vehicles and equipment. Remove debris. Landslide Infrastructure might be damaged or destroyed. Transport first responders in their vehicles and equipment. Remove debris. Tornado Infrastructure might be damaged or destroyed. Transport first responders in their vehicles and equipment. Remove debris. Tsunami (or seiche) Infrastructure might be damaged or destroyed. Provide alternative routing and transport first responders in their vehicles and equipment. Volcanic eruption Infrastructure might be damaged or destroyed. Transport first responders in their vehicles and equipment. Wildfire Infrastructure might be damaged or destroyed. Transport first responders in their vehicles and equipment. Winter storm Infrastructure might be covered or iced over. Transport first responders in their vehicles and equipment. Clear roads. (continued on next page)

Nature and Degree of Hazards/Threats 91 Table 5. (Continued). Hazard Transportation is Target Transportation’s Role in Response Human-Caused Hazards Civil disturbance Infrastructure might be denied. Transport first responders in their vehicles and equipment. School violence Generally not an issue, unless on buses. Transport first responders in their vehicles. Terrorist or criminal act Infrastructure might be denied or destroyed. Transport first responders in their vehicles and equipment. Sabotage Infrastructure might be denied or destroyed. Transport first responders in their vehicles and equipment. War related Infrastructure might be denied or destroyed. Transport first responders in their vehicles, materials, and equipment. Technological Hazards Airplane crash Generally not an issue unless crash is into the infrastructure. Transport first responders in their vehicles and equipment. Bridge collapse Destroyed infrastructure. Provide alternative routing and transport first responders in their vehicles and equipment. CBRNE Generally not an issue. Transport caregivers and relief supplies. Temporary inability to use sections of infrastructure possible. Dam or levee failure Infrastructure might be damaged or destroyed. Transport first responders in their vehicles, materials, and equipment. Electromagnetic pulse Electronic controls/ systems lost. Arrange human resources to operate critical intersections. HAZMAT release Generally not an issue. Establish policy and/or guidelines for handling non-HAZMAT spills and procedures for activating HAZMAT mitigation. Power failure Electronic controls/ systems lost. Arrange human resources to operate critical intersections. Radiological release Generally not an issue. Transport first responders in their vehicles and equipment. Temporary inability to use sections of infrastructure possible. May especially complicate evacuations. Train derailment Generally not an issue unless crash blocks infrastructure. Transport first responders in their vehicles, materials, and equipment. Urban conflagration Infrastructure might be damaged. Transport first responders in their vehicles, materials, and equipment. information is the DHS’s Lessons Learned Information Sharing (LLIS) website (LLIS, 2009). Appendix K lists other resources. Example: Escalation of Incidents and Response One of the most challenging responsibilities of emergency responders is to anticipate the escalation of incidents in severity and scope. A good example is an incident in Florida in January 2008. Table 6 chronicles the sequence of significant events occurring in this incident.

92 A Guide to Emergency Response Planning at State Transportation Agencies Table 6. Florida I-4 Reduced-visibility incident. Date (2008) Time Event Jan. 8 10:00 AM Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC) began a controlled burn of 10 acres at the Osprey Preserve, just off I-4 near Polk City. As the morning progressed, the humidity began to fall and the fire became difficult to control. ~Noon FWC requested assistance from the Florida Division of Forestry and Polk County Fire Rescue. Afternoon The fire burned throughout the day, jumped several fire lines, and grew to approximately 500 acres. As the fire was escalating, Polk County’s Emergency Management Division responded and set up its mobile command post (MCV-1) for the various agencies to use. The MCV-1 is outfitted with an array of radios and other communications equipment, a remote video camera and several televisions, and a large generator to keep the unit self-sufficient. All interior wall space is covered with material similar to a dry erase board, so every vertical surface in the unit is a place to write information. Evening– Night MCV-1 was used throughout the day and night to coordinate various operations, including a tactical back burn . The fire never penetrated into the muck area at the Osprey fire. The surface fire did however continue to smolder throughout the night. Forestry notified the Florida Highway Patrol (FHP) about concerns with the smoke later in the day and the Florida DOT placed Smoke/Fog warning signs with flashing lights on the Interstate. Jan. 9 4:56 AM First report of a vehicle crash on I-4, FHP arrived by 5:11 AM. 5:00 AM Polk Co. Fire Engine 22, ALS 20, and Battalion 4 were dispatched to the reported vehicle accident on I-4 near Exit 48. According to the lieutenant on Engine 22, they arrived in relatively clear conditions and began giving aid. Morning Polk County Sheriffs Office sent its MCV as well, and while it was recognized that this was the preferred Command Post (PC), it was time- consuming for Incident Command (IC) to relocate because of reduced visibility. Meanwhile, the Polk Co. EOC was coordinating interagency notifications and assistance calls. 10:30 AM The area was now clear of fog/smoke and all but one trapped patient had been treated and transported from the scene. The Interstate was closed to traffic in both directions. Multiple units from a number of agencies were working the scene. Command shifted from Fire Rescue to law enforcement. 11:46 AM The last patient was removed and transported. While responders were loading a patient, a heavy fog quickly rolled in. Responders began hearing the sound of vehicles crashing into one another. By this time, the fog/smoke was so thick that the lieutenant ordered a firefighter to walk ahead of the apparatus and the lieutenant walked just in front of the truck and slowly moved toward what they thought was the scene of the other incident. The crews reported later that the visibility was so poor they could not even see their feet. (Other FHP and the Fire Department eyewitnesses said they could not see flames only feet away, but could feel the heat.) Unknown to the fire and EMS responders, a Polk Sheriff’s deputy had been dispatched to a separate vehicle accident and was on scene when he witnessed a multi-vehicle accident. The lieutenant on Engine 22 reported multiple vehicles with patients trapped and several vehicles on fire. He then began requesting additional units and gave the responding battalion chief additional updates. The 3-person crew simultaneously pulled a line for fire control and began rapid extrication of trapped patients. During this time, additional crashes were taking place and the on-scene units repeatedly asked that the Interstate be shut down. Within minutes, additional units were dispatched and off-duty senior management personnel were notified. (continued on next page)

Nature and Degree of Hazards/Threats 93 Table 6. (Continued). Date (2008) Time Event Summary Stats Four separate vehicle crash scenes, two with major fires. 70 vehicles, including about 20 tractor-trailers and tankers, involved in crashes. 4 fatalities and 38 injured (5 seriously). Lesson Learned Joint exercises paid off, but more are needed, especially with law enforcement and FDOT. 100% interagency communication is needed (about 95% of responders were on a common link). EOC needed to be the central CP. Strengthen Unified Command. Thermal imaging cameras proved very useful. Visibility impaired triage, better methods are needed. All responders need personal protective equipment (PPE); not all were so equipped. Full notification, including cessation of tolls on alternative routes, was needed. Primary Cause Zero-visibility fog: It is uncertain whether the smoke from the controlled burning, which got out of control, was a contributing factor, but the fog was sufficient in itself. Source: adapted from Linkins, 2008, news reports, and eyewitness accounts. Afternoon Recovery work continued. Removal of the burned truck revealed pavement damage, which delayed reopening the highway. Jan. 9– 10 Night FDOT crews worked around the clock to repair the damaged surface and I-4 was reopened and normal operations quickly resumed. This incident demonstrates that traffic incidents can and do rise to the level of major inci- dent. Despite intense planning and preparation, sometimes conditions are so unpredictable that no amount of preparation can prevent tragedy. As noted, the fog was so heavy that morn- ing that responders literally could not see their hands and feet (see Figure 10). The fog forced firefighters to walk vehicles off the interstate, guided more by feel than vision. The applica- tion of Unified Command worked well, but the visibility hindered the relocation of the Inci- dent Command Post, and ultimately responders realized that they needed a centralized CP at the EOC. While this might be an unusual example, it illustrates that what started out as a routine incident— in this case, a controlled burn and an apparently unrelated crash—can rapidly escalate into a major incident. The specific matter of incident escalation is the subject of a separate white paper included as Appendix L (Wallace et al., 2009). For purposes of this 2010 Guide, the summary table illustrat- ing escalating roles (repeated here as Table 7) is included for ease of reference. Readers should refer to the white paper for more details. Note that a catastrophic incidents category was added to the incident types in the white paper table.

94 A Guide to Emergency Response Planning at State Transportation Agencies a) Vehicle fires burning through the fog b) A burning vehicle in the heavy fog c) A firefighter’s helmet in the fog d) One of the crash scenes after fires extinguished Photo credits: (a) TBO.com, News Channel 8, image by Peter Masa; (b-c) Polk County, Florida, Fire Rescue; and (d) Florida Highway Patrol. Figure 10. Florida I-4 reduced-visibility crash scenes.

Nature and Degree of Hazards/Threats 95 Table 7. Stakeholder roles in varying incidents. Agency Type Incident Type Federal SEMA Other State/Local EMA, etc. State Transportation Agencies/Local Transportation Public Safety Planned Event Not generally Not generally Not generally If transportation system impacted Generally traffic management and security Minor Incident Not generally Not generally Not generally As needed in jurisdiction Generally Incident Commander Major Incident Not generally If regional impact and GDE* If Authority-declared emergency As needed in jurisdiction Generally Incident Commander HAZMAT Incident If nuclear or other federally controlled waste If regional impact and GDE HAZMAT mitigation, generally Incident Commander As needed in jurisdiction As needed in jurisdiction Natural Disaster Coordination/ compensation (FEMA) Any GDE, generally Incident Commander Any GDE As needed in jurisdiction As needed in jurisdiction Terrorist Incident Coordination/ compensation (DHS, TSA, USCG, FBI, USACE) Any GDE, generally Incident Commander Any GDE As needed in jurisdiction As needed in jurisdiction Catastrophic Incident Coordination/ compensation (DHS, TSA, USCG, FBI, USACE, USM), generally Incident Commander Any GDE Any GDE As needed in jurisdiction As needed in jurisdiction Key to acronyms not introduced previously: GDE = Governor-declared emergency USACE = United States Army Corps of Engineers USM = United States Military (multiple branches) List of Acronyms 4-Cs Of TIM: communication, cooperation, coordination, and consensus (in some places, commitment replaces consensus. Also, sometimes referred to as only three, omitting the last C, and some have even suggested five, adding compromise) 9/11 September 11, 2001 24/7 Continuous 24 hours per day, 7 days per week operation of some function, such as a TMC, generally for 365 days per year unless otherwise specified; non-full-time operations may be expressed similarly, such as 16/5 for weekday prime travel period AAR After-Action Report ATIS Advanced Traveler Information Systems AVL Automated Vehicle Location CAD Computer-Aided Dispatch CAP Corrective Action Plan CAPTA Costing Asset Protection (An All Hazards Guide for) Transportation Agencies CAPTool CAPTA (software) Tool CBRNE Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosive (threats) CCP Common Communications Plan CCTV Closed-Circuit Television CEMP Comprehensive Emergency Management Plan (another name used for EOP) CEO Chief Executive Officer CI/KR Critical Infrastructure and Key Resources COG Continuity of Government ConOps Concept of Operation COOP Continuity of Operations Plan CTST Community/Corridor Traffic Safety Teams

CPG Comprehensive Preparedness Guide DEM Department of Emergency Management DEP Department of Environmental Protection DIETT Disruption Impact Estimating Tool—Transportation DLE Department of Law Enforcement DOD Department of Defense (U.S.) DOI Department of the Interior DOT Department of Transportation DMS Dynamic (also called Changeable or Variable) Message Sign EAS Emergency Advisory System ECC Emergency Communications Centers, also called Public Safety Answering Points (PSAP) EDO Emergency Duty Officer EM Emergency Management EMA Emergency Management Agency EMAC Emergency Management Assistance Compact EMS Emergency Medical Services EOC Emergency Operations Center (may be state [SEOC] or regional/local [LEOC]) EOP Emergency Operations Plan EPA Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. and state) EPC Emergency Planning Coordinator EPZ Emergency Planning Zone ER Emergency Response ESF Emergency Support Function ETO Emergency Transportation Operations FAH Federal Aid Highway FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation FC Fusion Center FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency (of DHS) FIA Federal Insurance Administration FOG Field Operations Guide GDE Governor-Declared Emergency HAR Highway Advisory Radio HAZMAT Hazardous Materials HEIED Hand-Emplaced Improvised Explosive Device HS Homeland Security HSAS Homeland Security Advisory System HSEEP Homeland Security Exercise and Evaluation Program HSOC Homeland Security Operations Center HSPD Homeland Security Presidential Directive IAP Incident Action Plan ID Identification (card or other) (I)CP (Incident) Command Post IC(S) Incident Command(er) (System) IRP Incident Response Patrol ISAC Information Sharing and Analysis Center ITS Intelligent Transportation Systems JFO Joint Field Office JIC Joint Information Center JIS Joint Information System 96 A Guide to Emergency Response Planning at State Transportation Agencies

LEOP Local Emergency Operations Plan (county, region, etc.) LEPC Local Emergency Planning Committee LLIS Lessons Learned Information Sharing (DHS Web site) M&O Management and Operations (in this context, Operations and Mainte- nance are both included in the ‘O’ here) MAC(S) Multiagency Coordination (System) (of NIMS) MOA Memorandum of Agreement MOT Maintenance of Traffic MOU/A Memorandum of Understanding/Agreement MUTCD Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices NEMA National Emergency Management Association NGO Nongovernmental Organization NIC National Integration Center (the Incident Management Systems Integra- tion Division of FEMA) NIMS National Incident Management System NIMSCAST NIMS Capability Assessment Support Tool NIPP National Infrastructure Protection Plan NOC National Operations Center (of the U.S. Department of Justice) NPG National Preparedness Guidelines NPS National Planning Scenarios NRF National Response Framework NRP National Response Plan (replaced by the NRF) NTIMC National Traffic Incident Management Coalition NUG National Unified Goal (for Traffic Incident Management) NWS National Weather Service O&M Operations and Maintenance PIO Public Information Officer PPE Personal Protective Equipment PSAP Public Safety Answering Point, also called Emergency Communication Center (ECC) QC Quick Clearance RRCC Regional Response Coordinating Center S&L State and Local (governments) SAFECOM Safe Communications (DHS program) SARS Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome SCIP Statewide Communications Interoperability Planning (DHS methodology) SCOTSEM Special Committee on Transportation Security and Emergency Manage- ment (of AASHTO) SEMA State Emergency Management Agency SEOP State(wide) Emergency Operations Plan SHRP II Strategic Highway Research Program, second generation SOG Standard Operating Guidelines SOP Standard Operating Procedure SSOM Subcommittee on Systems Operations and Management (of AASHTO) SSP Sector-Specific Plan or Safety Service Patrol STIX Southern Traffic Incident eXchange TCC Traffic Control Center TCL Target Capabilities List TCP Traffic Control Point TERET Transportation Emergency Response Effects Tracking TIM Traffic Incident Management TMC Transportation (or Traffic) Management Center Nature and Degree of Hazards/Threats 97

98 A Guide to Emergency Response Planning at State Transportation Agencies TOPPLEF Training, Organizations, Plans, People, Leadership and Management, Equipment, and Facilities TRANSCOM Transportation Operations Coordinating Committee TTC Temporary Traffic Control TWIC Transportation Workers Identification Credential USA PATRIOT Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism UC Unified Command URL Universal (or Uniform) Resource Locator (Web site address) U.S.C. United States Code (Public Law) USACE U.S. Army Corps of Engineers USCG U.S. Coast Guard (of DHS) USGS U.S. Geological Service USM U.S. Military (multiple branches) UTL Universal Task List UVC Uniform Vehicle Code WMD Weapons of Mass Destruction References A Guide to Emergency Response Planning at State Transportation Agencies, Technical Memorandum: Summary of Task 4 Survey Responses. NCHRP Project 29-59(23), TRB, Washington, DC, March 2008 (NCHRP-23, 2008). A Guide to Updating Highway Emergency Response Plans for Terrorist Incidents, NCHRP Project 20-07/Task 151A, TRB, Washington, DC, May 2002 (NCHRP, 2002). Boyd, A., et al. NCHRP Report 525: Surface Transportation Security, Volume 8; Public Transportation Security Con- tinuity of Operations (COOP) Planning Guidelines for Transportation Agencies, TRB, Washington, DC, 2005 (NCHRP-8, 2005). Burke, D., “TranStar Brings Emergency Management Together,” Bay Area The Citizen, Houston, TX, June 26, 2008. (Burke, 2008) Costing Asset Protection: An All Hazards Guide for Transportation Agencies, CAPTA, Final Report, NCHRP Proj- ect 20-59(17), TRB, Washington, DC, January 2009 (NCHRP-17, 2008). DHS, National Preparedness Guidelines, Washington, DC, September 2007 (NPG, 2007). ———. Lessons Learned Information Sharing (LLIS), Washington, DC (LLIS, 2009) [Online]. Available: https://www.llis.dhs.gov/index.do (accessed January 2009). ———. National Infrastructure Protection Plan, Washington, DC, October 2007 (DHS, 2007). ———. National Strategy for Homeland Security, Washington, DC, October 2007 (DHS, 2007a). ———. One Team, One Mission, Security Our Homeland, U.S. Department of Homeland Security Strategic Plan, Fiscal Years 2008–2013, Washington, DC, 2008 (DHS, 2008) [Online]. Available: http://www. dhs.gov/xabout/strategicplan/ (accessed March 2009). ———. SAFECOM, Statewide Communications Interoperability Planning (SCIP) Methodology v2.0, Washing- ton, DC (DHS, 2007b) [Online]. Available: http://www.safecomprogram.gov/NR/rdonlyres/DD91CD2C- FD2E-4BBC-AFEA-E620B4BBB891/0/SCIPMethodologyv20FINAL.pdf (accessed January 2009). Emergency Management Assistance Compact (EMAC), National Emergency Management Association, Lexing- ton, KY, 2008 (EMAC, 2008) [Online]. Available: http://www.emacweb.org/ (accessed January 2009). FEMA, Comprehensive Preparedness Guide (CPG) 101: Developing and Managing State, Territorial, Tribal, and State Government Emergency Plans, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC, March 2009 (CPG 101, 2009), [Online]. Available: http://www.fema.gov/about/divisions/cpg.shtm (accessed January 2010). ———. Emergency Management Assistance Compact (EMAC), U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Wash- ington, DC, 2007 (FEMA-EMAC, 2007) [Online]. Available: http://www.fema.gov/pdf/emergency/nrf/ EMACoverviewForNRF.pdf (accessed January 2009). ———. Homeland Security Exercise and Evaluation Program (HSEEP), U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC (FEMA-HSEEP, 2009) [Online]. Available: https://hseep.dhs.gov/pages/1001_HSEEP7.aspx and https://hseep.dhs.gov/support/VolumeIII.pdf (accessed January 2009). ———. Multiagency Coordination System (MACS), U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC (FEMA-MACS, 2009) [Online]. Available: http://www.fema.gov/emergency/nims/FAQ.shtm#item2 (accessed January 2009).

Nature and Degree of Hazards/Threats 99 ———. National Incident Management System, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC, December 2008 (NIMS, 2008). ———. National Response Framework, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC, January 2008 (NRF, 2008). ———. NIMS Capability Assessment Support Tool (NIMSCAST), U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Wash- ington, DC (NIMSCAST, 2008) [Online]. Available: http://www.fema.gov/nimscast/index.jsph (accessed January 2009). ———. NIMS Compliance and Technical Assistance, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC (FEMA-Compliance, 2009) [Online]. Available: http://www.fema.gov/emergency/nims/Implementation GuidanceStakeholders.shtm (accessed February 2010). ———. State and Local Guide (SLG) 101: Guide for All-Hazard Emergency Operations Planning, Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC, (SLG101, 1996) [Online]. Available: http://www.fema.gov/pdf/plan/ slg101.pdf (accessed March 2009). ———. Understanding Your Risks: Identifying Hazards and Estimating Loss, FEMA Publication 386-2, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC, August 2001 (FEMA, 2001) (accessed August 2009). FHWA, Communicating With the Public Using ATIS During Disasters: A Guide for Practitioners, U.S. Department of Transportation Publication No. FHWA-HOP-07-068, Washington, DC, April 2007 (FHWA, 2007) [Online]. Available: http://www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/atis/atis_guidance.pdf (accessed 2009). ———. Information Sharing Guidebook for Transportation Management Centers, Emergency Operations Centers, and Fusion Centers, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC, draft November 200824 (FHWA, 2008). ———. Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD), 2003 Edition, including Revision 1, U.S. Depart- ment of Transportation, Washington, DC, November 2004 (MUTCD, 2003). ———. Simplified Guide to the Incident Command System for Transportation Professional, U.S. Department of Transportation, Publication No. FHWA-HOP-06-004, Washington, DC, February 2006 (FHWA, 2006a). ———. Using Highways During Notice Evacuations Operations: Routes to Effective Evacuation Planning Primer Series, Report No. FHWA-HOP-06-109, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC, December 2006 (FHWA, 2006c) [Online]. Available: http://www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/evac_primer/00_ evac_primer.htm (accessed January 2009). ———. 2010 Traffic Incident Management Handbook Update, FHWA Publication No. HOP-10-013, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC, January 2010 (FHWA, 2010) [Online]. Available: http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/eto_tim_pse/publications/timhandbook/toc.htm (accessed June 2010). ———. Traffic Incident Response—Practices in Europe, FHWA in association with the American Association of Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Publication No. FHWA-PL-06-002 HPIP/1-06(3.5)EW, February 2006 (FHWA, 2006b) [Online]. Available: http://www.international.fhwa.dot.gov/tir_eu06/index. cfm (accessed January 2009). Friedman, D., et al., NCHRP Report 525: Surface Transportation Security, Volume 10: A Guide to Transportation’s Role in Public Health Disasters, TRB, Washington, DC, 2005 (NCHRP-10, 2005). Linkins, M., January 9, 2008, 70 Vehicle Crash on Interstate 4, Polk County (Florida) Fire Rescue, Bartow, FL, March 25, 2008 (Linkins, 2008). Lockwood, S., J. O’Laughlin, D. Keever, and K. Weiss, NCHRP Report 525: Surface Transportation Security, Vol- ume 6: Guide for Emergency Transportation Operations, TRB, Washington, DC, 2005 (NCHRP-6, 2005). National Emergency Management Association (NEMA), Lexington, KY, 2008 (NEMA, 2008) [Online]. Available: http://www.nemaweb.org/ (accessed January 2009). National Unified Goal for Traffic Incident Management, National Traffic Incident Management Coalition, AASHTO, Washington, DC (NUG, 2009) [Online]. Available: http://timcoalition.org (accessed January 2009). O’Laughlin, J, C. A., Macaulay, and J. Schuh, Supplemental Resource Guide to the National Incident Management System (NIMS) for Transportation Management Center Professionals, I-95 Corridor Coalition, College Park, MD, August 2008 (I-95CC, 2008) [Online]. Available http://www.i95coalition.net/i95/Portals/0/Public_ Files/pm/reports/I95CC%20NIMS%20Guide%20-%2011-3B.pdf Quick Clearance Toolkit, I-95 Corridor Coalition, College Park, MD, 2007 (I-95CC, 2007) [Online]. Avail- able: http://i95coalition.org/i95/Training/QuickClearanceWorkshop/tabid/188/Default.aspx (accessed August 2009). Rollins, J., Fusion Centers: Issues and Options for Congress, Order Code RL34070, Congressional Research Ser- vice, Washington, DC, 2008 (Rollins, 2008). Wallace, C. E., A. Boyd, and J. Sergent, Identification and Delineation of Incident Management and Large-Scale Emergency Response Functions, a White Paper prepared for NCHRP Project 20-59(23), TRB, Washington, DC, January 2009 (Wallace, et al., 2009). 24This document is being updated as of the 2010 Guide publication date.

Wallace, C. E., and J. O’Laughlin, I-95 Corridor Coalition Coordinated Incident Management Program Track Toolkit for Quick Clearance, I-95 Corridor Coalition, College Park, MD, 2007 (I-95CC, 2009). Updated 2009 [Online]. Available http://www.i95coalition.net/i95/Training/QuickClearanceWorkshop/tabid/188/ Default.aspx Wallace, C. E., S. Lockwood, and D. Yohanan, National Needs Assessment for Ensuring Transportation Infrastructure Security (2009–2015), NCHRP Project 20-59(26), TRB, Washington, DC, August 2008 (NCHRP-26, 2008). Other Resources Department of Homeland Security Lessons Learned Information Sharing (LLIS) Web site and Newsletter: https://www.llis.dhs.gov/index.do. Qualified registration is required, but anyone involved in homeland security and/or emergency management, public or private sector, can qual- ify. (As of January 2009) FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency) Daily Digest Bulletin, http://www.fema. gov/emergency/nrf/; select Briefings and Training, then select Briefings. To subscribe to receive e-mail bulletins, go to http://www.fema.gov/help/getemail.shtm, and then select Sign up via our free e-mail subscription service and enter your preferences. (As of January 2009) Federal Highway Administration CD-ROM, Best of Public Safety and Emergency Transporta- tion Operations (FHWA-JPO-08-037). To request a copy, send an e-mail to ITSPUBS@dot.gov. (As of February 2010) Transportation Research Board Website, http://www.trb.org/SecurityPubs; download ancil- lary products that are companions to published documents, such as the appendices of this report and many of the TRB documents identified in the Bibliography. Also see TRB E-Newsletter Search, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, http://www.trb.org/Publications/Public/Pubs TRBENewsletter.aspx. (As of January 2009) A useful companion resource for this report is the glossary and list of acronyms in NCHRP Report 525: Surface Transportation Security, Volume 14: Security 101: A Physical Security Primer for Transportation Agencies, October 2009. Visit http://www.TRB.org/SecurityPubs, and search for the title. 100 A Guide to Emergency Response Planning at State Transportation Agencies

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TRB’s National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 525: Surface Transportation Security, Volume 16: A Guide to Emergency Response Planning at State Transportation Agencies is designed to help executive management and emergency response planners at state transportation agencies as they and their local and regional counterparts assess their respective emergency response plans and identify areas needing improvement.

NCHRP replaces a 2002 document, A Guide to Updating Highway Emergency Response Plans for Terrorist Incidents.

NCHRP Report 525, Vol. 16 is supported by the following online appendixes:

Appendix K--Annotated Bibliography

Appendix L--White Paper on Emergency Response Functions and Spreadsheet Tool for Emergency Response Functions

Appendix M--2010 Guide Presentation

NCHRP Report 525: Surface Transportation Security is a series in which relevant information is assembled into single, concise volumes—each pertaining to a specific security problem and closely related issues. The volumes focus on the concerns that transportation agencies are addressing when developing programs in response to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, and the anthrax attacks that followed. Future volumes of the report will be issued as they are completed.

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