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HMCRP
HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
COOPERATIVE
RESEARCH
PROGRAM
REPORT 2
Sponsored by the
Pipeline and Hazardous
Materials Safety
Assessing Soil and Administration
Groundwater Impacts
of Chemical Mixture Releases
from Hazardous Materials
Transportation Incidents
OCR for page R2
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD 2010 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE*
OFFICERS
CHAIR: Michael R. Morris, Director of Transportation, North Central Texas Council of Governments, Arlington
VICE CHAIR: Neil J. Pedersen, Administrator, Maryland State Highway Administration, Baltimore
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: Robert E. Skinner, Jr., Transportation Research Board
MEMBERS
J. Barry Barker, Executive Director, Transit Authority of River City, Louisville, KY
Allen D. Biehler, Secretary, Pennsylvania DOT, Harrisburg
Larry L. Brown, Sr., Executive Director, Mississippi DOT, Jackson
Deborah H. Butler, Executive Vice President, Planning, and CIO, Norfolk Southern Corporation, Norfolk, VA
William A.V. Clark, Professor, Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles
Eugene A. Conti, Jr., Secretary of Transportation, North Carolina DOT, Raleigh
Nicholas J. Garber, Henry L. Kinnier Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, and Director, Center for Transportation Studies, University of
Virginia, Charlottesville
Jeffrey W. Hamiel, Executive Director, Metropolitan Airports Commission, Minneapolis, MN
Paula J. Hammond, Secretary, Washington State DOT, Olympia
Edward A. (Ned) Helme, President, Center for Clean Air Policy, Washington, DC
Adib K. Kanafani, Cahill Professor of Civil Engineering, University of California, Berkeley
Susan Martinovich, Director, Nevada DOT, Carson City
Debra L. Miller, Secretary, Kansas DOT, Topeka
Sandra Rosenbloom, Professor of Planning, University of Arizona, Tucson
Tracy L. Rosser, Vice President, Corporate Traffic, Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., Mandeville, LA
Steven T. Scalzo, Chief Operating Officer, Marine Resources Group, Seattle, WA
Henry G. (Gerry) Schwartz, Jr., Chairman (retired), Jacobs/Sverdrup Civil, Inc., St. Louis, MO
Beverly A. Scott, General Manager and Chief Executive Officer, Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority, Atlanta, GA
David Seltzer, Principal, Mercator Advisors LLC, Philadelphia, PA
Daniel Sperling, Professor of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science and Policy; Director, Institute of Transportation Studies; and Interim
Director, Energy Efficiency Center, University of California, Davis
Kirk T. Steudle, Director, Michigan DOT, Lansing
Douglas W. Stotlar, President and CEO, Con-Way, Inc., Ann Arbor, MI
C. Michael Walton, Ernest H. Cockrell Centennial Chair in Engineering, University of Texas, Austin
EX OFFICIO MEMBERS
Peter H. Appel, Administrator, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, U.S.DOT
J. Randolph Babbitt, Administrator, Federal Aviation Administration, U.S.DOT
Rebecca M. Brewster, President and COO, American Transportation Research Institute, Smyrna, GA
George Bugliarello, President Emeritus and University Professor, Polytechnic Institute of New York University, Brooklyn; Foreign Secretary,
National Academy of Engineering, Washington, DC
Anne S. Ferro, Administrator, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, U.S.DOT
LeRoy Gishi, Chief, Division of Transportation, Bureau of Indian Affairs, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC
Edward R. Hamberger, President and CEO, Association of American Railroads, Washington, DC
John C. Horsley, Executive Director, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC
David T. Matsuda, Deputy Administrator, Maritime Administration, U.S.DOT
Victor M. Mendez, Administrator, Federal Highway Administration, U.S.DOT
William W. Millar, President, American Public Transportation Association, Washington, DC
Tara O'Toole, Under Secretary for Science and Technology, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC
Robert J. Papp (Adm., U.S. Coast Guard), Commandant, U.S. Coast Guard, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC
Cynthia L. Quarterman, Administrator, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, U.S.DOT
Peter M. Rogoff, Administrator, Federal Transit Administration, U.S.DOT
David L. Strickland, Administrator, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S.DOT
Joseph C. Szabo, Administrator, Federal Railroad Administration, U.S.DOT
Polly Trottenberg, Assistant Secretary for Transportation Policy, U.S.DOT
Robert L. Van Antwerp (Lt. Gen., U.S. Army), Chief of Engineers and Commanding General, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC
*Membership as of October 2010.
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HAZARDOUS MATERIALS COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM
HMCRP REPORT 2
Assessing Soil and
Groundwater Impacts
of Chemical Mixture Releases
from Hazardous Materials
Transportation Incidents
Richard G. Lewis
Ziqi He
HSA ENGINEERS & SCIENTISTS
A Member of the Conestoga-Rovers & Associates
Family of Companies
Fort Myers, FL
Subscriber Categories
Highways · Motor Carriers · Railroads · Environment · Freight Transportation
Geotechnology · Hydraulics and Hydrology
Research sponsored by the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD
WASHINGTON, D.C.
2010
www.TRB.org
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HAZARDOUS MATERIALS COOPERATIVE HMCRP REPORT 2
RESEARCH PROGRAM
The safety, security, and environmental concerns associated with Project HM-06
transportation of hazardous materials are growing in number and ISSN 2150-4849
complexity. Hazardous materials are substances that are flammable, ISBN: 978-0-309-15527-4
explosive, or toxic or that, if released, produce effects that would threaten Library of Congress Control Number 2010941499
human safety, health, the environment, or property. Hazardous materials
© 2010 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
are moved throughout the country by all modes of freight transportation,
including ships, trucks, trains, airplanes, and pipelines.
The private sector and a diverse mix of government agencies at all levels
are responsible for controlling the transport of hazardous materials and for COPYRIGHT INFORMATION
ensuring that hazardous cargoes move without incident. This shared goal Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining
has spurred the creation of several venues for organizations with related written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously
interests to work together in preventing and responding to hazardous published or copyrighted material used herein.
materials incidents. The freight transportation and chemical industries; Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this
government regulatory and enforcement agencies at the federal and state publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the
levels; and local emergency planners and responders routinely share understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA,
FMCSA, FTA, RITA, or PHMSA endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice.
information, resources, and expertise. Nevertheless, there has been a long- It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for educational and not-
standing gap in the system for conducting hazardous materials safety and for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or
security research. Industry organizations and government agencies have reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from CRP.
their own research programs to support their mission needs. Collaborative
research to address shared problems takes place occasionally, but mostly
occurs on an ad hoc basis. NOTICE
Acknowledging this gap in 2004, the U.S. DOT Office of Hazardous
The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the Hazardous Materials
Materials Safety, the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, the
Cooperative Research Program, conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the
Federal Railroad Administration, and the U.S. Coast Guard pooled their approval of the Governing Board of the National Research Council.
resources for a study. Under the auspices of the Transportation Research
The members of the technical panel selected to monitor this project and to review this
Board (TRB), the National Research Council of the National Academies report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance.
appointed a committee to examine the feasibility of creating a cooperative The report was reviewed by the technical panel and accepted for publication according to
research program for hazardous materials transportation, similar in concept procedures established and overseen by the Transportation Research Board and approved
to the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) and the by the Governing Board of the National Research Council.
Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP). The committee concluded, The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the
in TRB Special Report 283: Cooperative Research for Hazardous Materials researchers who performed the research and are not necessarily those of the Transportation
Research Board, the National Research Council, or the program sponsors.
Transportation: Defining the Need, Converging on Solutions, that the need for
cooperative research in this field is significant and growing, and the The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, the National Research
committee recommended establishing an ongoing program of cooperative Council, and the sponsors of the Hazardous Materials Cooperative Research Program do
not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers' names appear herein
research. In 2005, based in part on the findings of that report, the Safe, solely because they are considered essential to the object of the report.
Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for
Users (SAFETEA-LU) authorized the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials
Safety Administration (PHMSA) to contract with the National Academy of
Sciences to conduct the Hazardous Materials Cooperative Research Program
(HMCRP). The HMCRP is intended to complement other U.S. DOT
research programs as a stakeholder-driven, problem-solving program,
researching real-world, day-to-day operational issues with near- to mid-
term time frames.
Published reports of the
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM
are available from:
Transportation Research Board
Business Office
500 Fifth Street, NW
Washington, DC 20001
and can be ordered through the Internet at:
http://www.national-academies.org/trb/bookstore
Printed in the United States of America
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COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAMS
CRP STAFF FOR HMCRP REPORT 2
Christopher W. Jenks, Director, Cooperative Research Programs
Crawford F. Jencks, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs
William C. Rogers, Senior Program Officer
Charlotte Thomas, Senior Program Assistant
Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications
Ellen M. Chafee, Editor
Rachel Kirkland, Senior Editorial Assistant
HMCRP PROJECT 06 PANEL
Thomas Moses, Spill Center, Hudson, MA (Chair)
Craig Bartlett, DuPont Company, Wilmington, DE
Cheryl A. "Cherry" Burke, Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI
Robert E. Fronczak, Association of American Railroads, Washington, DC
Zdenek "Zed" Hejzlar, Engineering Systems, Inc., Fort Myers, FL
John Walton, University of Texas - El Paso, El Paso, TX
Ryan F. Paquet, PHMSA Liaison
Christine Gerencher, TRB Liaison
AUTHOR ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The research reported herein was performed under Dr. Richard G. Lewis, P.E., Principal at HSA Engi-
neers & Scientists. Dr. Ziqi (Zeke) He, P.E., Environmental Engineer with HSA Engineers & Scientists, was
responsible for the thermodynamic calculation and design tool. William H. Hutchings, P.G., Professional
Geologist with HSA Engineers & Scientists and Ph.D. candidate at the University of South Florida, was
responsible for fate transport modeling. Gordon L. Walters, P.E., Environmental Engineer at HSA Engi-
neers & Scientists, was responsible for the tool interface design. Kevin W. Worsham, Database Developer
with Conestoga-Rovers & Associates (CRA), and Julie Lidstone, Associate Database Manager with CRA,
were responsible for visual basic coding of the tool design. Doug Soutter, Hydrogeologist with CRA,
assisted with UNIFAC design. Dr. Hongze Gao, P.E., with CRA, assisted with the screening model design.
Ronald Foster, Senior Processing Engineer with CRA, assisted with the data and methodology collection.
In addition, the environmental department group at the office of HSA Engineers & Scientists in Fort
Myers, Florida, and the emergency response team at CRA's office in Dallas, Texas, participated in data col-
lection of chemical properties and the most commonly transported hazardous materials.
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FOREWORD
By William C. Rogers
Staff Officer
Transportation Research Board
HMCRP Report 2: Assessing Soil and Groundwater Impacts of Chemical Mixture Releases
from Hazardous Materials Transportation Incidents presents a tool to assess, classify, predict,
and quickly communicate fate and transport characteristics of chemical mixtures released
into the soil and groundwater as a result of hazardous materials transportation incidents.
The tool was developed with a wide range of users in mind. For technical users, the prop-
erty output table generates the fate and transport properties of an input mixture. For emer-
gency response teams, it provides a quick review of the emergency response requirements
of a spill. For non-technical users, a color-coding function is included in the tool to com-
pare the critical fate and transport properties to their pure chemical counterpart and high-
light the key parameters affecting the mixture transport in the saturated and unsaturated
zones. The tool can also be used to determine whether shipping certain chemicals separately
or in mixtures will have significantly higher costs if an incident occurs and to estimate rel-
ative costs and timeframes of cleanup after an incident occurs.
Screening models, as well as detailed, computationally intensive models, exist to charac-
terize site-specific impacts on soil and groundwater from hazardous materials releases.
These models require various fate and transport parameters as input, which are generally
available for pure chemical compounds. However, these parameters are typically unavail-
able for many of the commonly transported hazardous materials mixtures such as herbi-
cides, paint, cleaning compounds, motor oil, antifreeze, gasoline, and ethanol.
Under HMCRP Project 06, HSA Engineers & Scientists was asked to (1) define and cat-
egorize the environmental hazards to soil and groundwater of pure chemicals and mixtures;
(2) identify sources and collect readily available data on fate and transport properties; (3)
develop a typology and identify and classify common solvents and mixtures that are likely
to be transported; (4) develop a typology to estimate the key parameters for different chem-
ical mixtures; (5) design a tool to characterize, predict, and communicate the impact of
chemical mixtures in soil and groundwater environments and to estimate the fate and trans-
port parameters of chemical mixtures released to soil and groundwater as a result of haz-
ardous materials transportation incidents; (6) using the tool, estimate the fate and transport
parameters for 5 to 10 representative mixtures commonly transported and apply existing
basic screening models to estimate impact to soil and groundwater; and (7) refine the tool
to compare fate and transport characteristics of pure chemicals to chemical mixtures in
order to rank the relative impacts to soil and groundwater.
The chemical mixture tool, a user guide, and the contractor's final report for HMCRP
Project 06 can be found on CRP-CD-90: Chemical Mixture Tool for HMCRP Report 2, which
is bound into this publication. For the convenience of readers, the research team's Tool
Design Process Example (Appendix H) and the User Operational Manual (Appendix M)
are also provided herein.
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CONTENTS
1 Summary
6 Contents of Contractor's Final Report for HMCRP Project 06
(Final Report Contained on CRP-CD-90)
9 Appendix H Tool Design Process Example
32 Appendix M User Operational Manual
54 List of Acronyms and Symbols
