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TRANSIT
TCRP REPORT 143
COOPERATIVE
RESEARCH
PROGRAM
Sponsored by
the Federal
Transit Administration
Resource Guide for Commingling
ADA and Non-ADA
Paratransit Riders
OCR for page R2
TCRP OVERSIGHT AND PROJECT TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD 2010 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE*
SELECTION COMMITTEE*
CHAIR OFFICERS
Ann August
Santee Wateree Regional Transportation Authority CHAIR: Michael R. Morris, Director of Transportation, North Central Texas Council of
Governments, Arlington
MEMBERS VICE CHAIR: Neil J. Pedersen, Administrator, Maryland State Highway Administration, Baltimore
John Bartosiewicz
McDonald Transit Associates EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: Robert E. Skinner, Jr., Transportation Research Board
Michael Blaylock
Jacksonville Transportation Authority MEMBERS
Linda J. Bohlinger
HNTB Corp. J. Barry Barker, Executive Director, Transit Authority of River City, Louisville, KY
Raul Bravo Allen D. Biehler, Secretary, Pennsylvania DOT, Harrisburg
Raul V. Bravo & Associates Larry L. Brown, Sr., Executive Director, Mississippi DOT, Jackson
Gregory Cook Deborah H. Butler, Executive Vice President, Planning, and CIO, Norfolk Southern Corporation,
Veolia Transportation
Terry Garcia Crews Norfolk, VA
StarTran William A.V. Clark, Professor, Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles
Angela Iannuzziello Eugene A. Conti, Jr., Secretary of Transportation, North Carolina DOT, Raleigh
ENTRA Consultants Nicholas J. Garber, Henry L. Kinnier Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, and Director,
John Inglish
Utah Transit Authority Center for Transportation Studies, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
Sherry Little Jeffrey W. Hamiel, Executive Director, Metropolitan Airports Commission, Minneapolis, MN
Spartan Solutions, LLC Paula J. Hammond, Secretary, Washington State DOT, Olympia
Jonathan H. McDonald Edward A. (Ned) Helme, President, Center for Clean Air Policy, Washington, DC
HNTB Corporation
Gary W. McNeil
Adib K. Kanafani, Cahill Professor of Civil Engineering, University of California, Berkeley
GO Transit Susan Martinovich, Director, Nevada DOT, Carson City
Michael P. Melaniphy Debra L. Miller, Secretary, Kansas DOT, Topeka
Motor Coach Industries Sandra Rosenbloom, Professor of Planning, University of Arizona, Tucson
Bradford Miller Tracy L. Rosser, Vice President, Corporate Traffic, Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., Mandeville, LA
Des Moines Area Regional Transit Authority
Frank Otero Steven T. Scalzo, Chief Operating Officer, Marine Resources Group, Seattle, WA
PACO Technologies Henry G. (Gerry) Schwartz, Jr., Chairman (retired), Jacobs/Sverdrup Civil, Inc., St. Louis, MO
Keith Parker Beverly A. Scott, General Manager and Chief Executive Officer, Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit
VIA Metropolitan Transit Authority, Atlanta, GA
Peter Rogoff
FTA David Seltzer, Principal, Mercator Advisors LLC, Philadelphia, PA
Jeffrey Rosenberg Daniel Sperling, Professor of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science and Policy; Director, Institute of
Amalgamated Transit Union Transportation Studies; and Interim Director, Energy Efficiency Center, University of California, Davis
Richard Sarles Kirk T. Steudle, Director, Michigan DOT, Lansing
Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority
Michael Scanlon Douglas W. Stotlar, President and CEO, Con-Way, Inc., Ann Arbor, MI
San Mateo County Transit District C. Michael Walton, Ernest H. Cockrell Centennial Chair in Engineering, University of Texas, Austin
Marilyn Shazor
Southwest Ohio Regional Transit Authority EX OFFICIO MEMBERS
James Stem
United Transportation Union Peter H. Appel, Administrator, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, U.S.DOT
Gary Thomas J. Randolph Babbitt, Administrator, Federal Aviation Administration, U.S.DOT
Dallas Area Rapid Transit Rebecca M. Brewster, President and COO, American Transportation Research Institute, Smyrna, GA
Frank Tobey
First Transit George Bugliarello, President Emeritus and University Professor, Polytechnic Institute of New York
Matthew O. Tucker University, Brooklyn; Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Engineering, Washington, DC
North County Transit District Anne S. Ferro, Administrator, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, U.S.DOT
Pam Ward LeRoy Gishi, Chief, Division of Transportation, Bureau of Indian Affairs, U.S. Department of the
Ottumwa Transit Authority
Alice Wiggins-Tolbert
Interior, Washington, DC
Parsons Brinckerhoff Edward R. Hamberger, President and CEO, Association of American Railroads, Washington, DC
John C. Horsley, Executive Director, American Association of State Highway and Transportation
EX OFFICIO MEMBERS Officials, Washington, DC
William W. Millar
APTA David T. Matsuda, Deputy Administrator, Maritime Administration, U.S.DOT
Robert E. Skinner, Jr. Victor M. Mendez, Administrator, Federal Highway Administration, U.S.DOT
TRB William W. Millar, President, American Public Transportation Association, Washington, DC
John C. Horsley Tara O'Toole, Under Secretary for Science and Technology, U.S. Department of Homeland Security,
AASHTO
Victor Mendez Washington, DC
FHWA Robert J. Papp (Adm., U.S. Coast Guard), Commandant, U.S. Coast Guard, U.S. Department of
Homeland Security, Washington, DC
TDC EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR Cynthia L. Quarterman, Administrator, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration,
Louis Sanders
APTA U.S.DOT
Peter M. Rogoff, Administrator, Federal Transit Administration, U.S.DOT
SECRETARY David L. Strickland, Administrator, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S.DOT
Christopher W. Jenks
TRB Joseph C. Szabo, Administrator, Federal Railroad Administration, U.S.DOT
Polly Trottenberg, Assistant Secretary for Transportation Policy, U.S.DOT
Robert L. Van Antwerp (Lt. Gen., U.S. Army), Chief of Engineers and Commanding General,
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC
*Membership as of June 2010. *Membership as of October 2010.
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TRANSIT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM
TCRP REPORT 143
Resource Guide for Commingling
ADA and Non-ADA
Paratransit Riders
Rosemary B. Gerty
TRANSYSTEMS CORP.
Chicago, IL
Thomas F. Procopio
Caroline R. Ferris
TRANSYSTEMS CORP.
Boston, MA
AND
Elizabeth (Buffy) Ellis
Sue Knapp
THE KFH GROUP
Bethesda, MD
Subscriber Categories
Public Transportation
Research sponsored by the Federal Transit Administration in cooperation with the Transit Development Corporation
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD
WASHINGTON, D.C.
2011
www.TRB.org
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TRANSIT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM TCRP REPORT 143
The nation's growth and the need to meet mobility, environmental, Project B-34
and energy objectives place demands on public transit systems. Current ISSN 1073-4872
systems, some of which are old and in need of upgrading, must expand ISBN 978-0-309-15522-9
service area, increase service frequency, and improve efficiency to serve Library of Congress Control Number 2010940343
these demands. Research is necessary to solve operating problems, to © 2011 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
adapt appropriate new technologies from other industries, and to intro-
duce innovations into the transit industry. The Transit Cooperative
Research Program (TCRP) serves as one of the principal means by
which the transit industry can develop innovative near-term solutions COPYRIGHT INFORMATION
to meet demands placed on it. Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining
written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously
The need for TCRP was originally identified in TRB Special Report
published or copyrighted material used herein.
213--Research for Public Transit: New Directions, published in 1987
Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this
and based on a study sponsored by the Urban Mass Transportation
publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the
Administration--now the Federal Transit Administration (FTA). A understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA,
report by the American Public Transportation Association (APTA), FMCSA, FTA, or Transit Development Corporation endorsement of a particular product,
Transportation 2000, also recognized the need for local, problem- method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for
educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of
solving research. TCRP, modeled after the longstanding and success- any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission
ful National Cooperative Highway Research Program, undertakes from CRP.
research and other technical activities in response to the needs of tran-
sit service providers. The scope of TCRP includes a variety of transit
research fields including planning, service configuration, equipment,
NOTICE
facilities, operations, human resources, maintenance, policy, and
The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the Transit Cooperative Research
administrative practices.
Program, conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the approval of the
TCRP was established under FTA sponsorship in July 1992. Pro- Governing Board of the National Research Council.
posed by the U.S. Department of Transportation, TCRP was autho-
The members of the technical panel selected to monitor this project and to review this
rized as part of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance.
of 1991 (ISTEA). On May 13, 1992, a memorandum agreement out- The report was reviewed by the technical panel and accepted for publication according to
lining TCRP operating procedures was executed by the three cooper- procedures established and overseen by the Transportation Research Board and approved
by the Governing Board of the National Research Council.
ating organizations: FTA, the National Academies, acting through the
Transportation Research Board (TRB); and the Transit Development The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the
researchers who performed the research and are not necessarily those of the Transportation
Corporation, Inc. (TDC), a nonprofit educational and research orga- Research Board, the National Research Council, or the program sponsors.
nization established by APTA. TDC is responsible for forming the
The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, the National Research
independent governing board, designated as the TCRP Oversight and Council, and the sponsors of the Transit Cooperative Research Program do not endorse
Project Selection (TOPS) Committee. products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers' names appear herein solely because
Research problem statements for TCRP are solicited periodically but they are considered essential to the object of the report.
may be submitted to TRB by anyone at any time. It is the responsibility
of the TOPS Committee to formulate the research program by identi-
fying the highest priority projects. As part of the evaluation, the TOPS
Committee defines funding levels and expected products.
Once selected, each project is assigned to an expert panel, appointed
by the Transportation Research Board. The panels prepare project state-
ments (requests for proposals), select contractors, and provide techni-
cal guidance and counsel throughout the life of the project. The process
for developing research problem statements and selecting research
agencies has been used by TRB in managing cooperative research pro-
grams since 1962. As in other TRB activities, TCRP project panels serve
voluntarily without compensation.
Because research cannot have the desired impact if products fail to
reach the intended audience, special emphasis is placed on dissemi-
Published reports of the
nating TCRP results to the intended end users of the research: tran-
sit agencies, service providers, and suppliers. TRB provides a series TRANSIT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM
of research reports, syntheses of transit practice, and other support- are available from:
ing material developed by TCRP research. APTA will arrange for Transportation Research Board
workshops, training aids, field visits, and other activities to ensure Business Office
that results are implemented by urban and rural transit industry 500 Fifth Street, NW
Washington, DC 20001
practitioners.
The TCRP provides a forum where transit agencies can cooperatively and can be ordered through the Internet at
address common operational problems. The TCRP results support and http://www.national-academies.org/trb/bookstore
complement other ongoing transit research and training programs. Printed in the United States of America
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COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAMS
CRP STAFF FOR TCRP REPORT 143
Christopher W. Jenks, Director, Cooperative Research Programs
Crawford F. Jencks, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs
Dianne Schwager, Senior Program Officer
Rachel Kirkland, Senior Program Assistant
Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications
Kami Cabral, Editor
TCRP PROJECT B-34 PANEL
Field of Service Configuration
Rob Andresen, First Transit, Inc., Denver, CO (Chair)
Michael Artson, FASTRAN, Fairfax, VA
Jon A. Carnegie, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ
Kenneth R. Fischer, McDonald Transit Associates, Inc., South Daytona, FL
Robert C. Johnson, Waukesha Metro Transit, Waukesha, WI
Sarah B. Lenz, Minnesota DOT, St. Paul, MN
Park Woodworth, King County (WA) Metro Transit, Banbridge Island, WA
Susan Clark, FTA Liaison
Bonnie Graves, FTA Liaison
AUTHOR ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The research reported herein was performed by TranSystems Corp. (contractor) and KFH Group (sub-
contractor) under TCRP Project B-34, "Guidebook for Commingling ADA-Eligible and Other Passen-
gers on ADA-Complementary Paratransit Services."
Rosemary B. Gerty of TranSystems Corp. (Chicago) served as the principal investigator, along with
Elizabeth (Buffy) Ellis, AICP, of KFH Group (Bethesda, Maryland). They were assisted by Thomas F. Pro-
copio, CCTM, and Caroline R. Ferris of TranSystems Corp. (Boston), along with Sue Knapp of KFH
Group. Ms. Gerty is currently the Division Manager, Operations Analysis/Research at the Regional Trans-
portation Authority (RTA) in Chicago.
This work was guided by the TCRP Project B-34 panel. The research team is grateful for the panel's
insights and support.
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FOREWORD
By Dianne Schwager
Staff Officer
Transportation Research Board
TCRP Report 143: Resource Guide for Commingling ADA and Non-ADA Paratransit Riders
will be of interest to public transit agencies wishing to explore whether and how to com-
mingle ADA paratransit and non-ADA paratransit riders. The core features of the Resource
Guide are two decision-making processes: (1) planning and (2) operations. The Resource
Guide presents important lessons from transit agencies that have made decisions both to
commingle and not to commingle their ADA paratransit and non-ADA paratransit riders.
"Commingling" ADA and non-ADA riders is a newly coined term for a practice that has
been operating in many communities since transit agencies began operating paratransit ser-
vices required by the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA). For this project, "com-
mingling" is defined as "routinely transporting ADA eligible paratransit riders with `other'
non-ADA paratransit riders on the same vehicles at the same time."
The intent of this Resource Guide is to suggest a roadmap for navigating through the
process of planning for commingled services that will feed into the operations of that ser-
vice, including development of operating policies and procedures.
The decision process regarding the planning for commingling ADA and non-ADA rid-
ers presented in the Resource Guide is organized into the following four major components:
· Define purpose and objectives for commingling riders
· Identify available capacity and funding
· Evaluate service compatibility
· Consider primary service parameters
The operations decision process, which focuses on developing policies, procedures, prac-
tices, and performance-monitoring strategies to ensure successful commingling of riders,
also includes four major components:
· Establish passenger eligibility requirements
· Develop operating and cost allocation policies and procedures
· Identify reporting requirements and assess technology needs
· Develop marketing, education, and monitoring programs
Readers of the electronic version of the report (available online at www.trb.org by search-
ing for "TCRP Report 143") will find that the components of the two decision-making flow
charts--planning and operations--are color coded, which facilitates their readability and
use.
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CONTENTS
1 Summary
7 Background
7 Overview
9 ADA Complementary Paratransit Regulatory Requirements
10 Models for Commingling ADA and Non-ADA Paratransit Riders
11 Resource Guide Approach
12 Section 1 Planning Decision Process
14 A. Define Purpose and Objectives for Commingling
17 B. Identify Available Capacity and Funding
26 C. Evaluate Service Compatibility
27 D. Consider Primary Service Parameters
30 Section 2 Operations Decision Process
32 A. Establish Passenger Eligibility Requirements
34 B. Develop Operating and Cost Allocation Policies and Procedures
41 C. Identify Reporting Requirements and Assess Technology Needs
44 D. Develop Marketing, Education, and Monitoring Programs
48 Section 3 Lessons Learned
51 References
52 Abbreviations and Acronyms
54 Appendix A Transit Agency Survey Highlights
68 Appendix B Case Study Summaries
89 Appendix C Additional Resources
Note: Many of the photographs, figures, and tables in this report have been converted from color to grayscale
for printing. The electronic version of the report (posted on the Web at www.trb.org) retains the color versions.
