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TCRP Legal Research Digest 35: Reductions in Transit Service or Increases in Fares: Civil Rights, ADA, Regulatory, and Environmental Justice Implications (2011)
Transit Cooperative Research Program Legal Program (TCRPLEGAL)

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Thomas, Larry W, Transportation Research Board. "B. Title VI and Recent Cases." TCRP Legal Research Digest 35: Reductions in Transit Service or Increases in Fares: Civil Rights, ADA, Regulatory, and Environmental Justice Implications. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2011.

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COVER (1-1)
CONTENTS (2-2)
I. INTRODUCTION (3-4)
B. No Cause of Action Under Disparate-Impact Regulations Promulgated Under Section 602 of Title VI to Effectuate the Provisions of Section 601 (5-5)
D. USDOT Title VI Order (1997) Incorporating the Principles of Environmental Justice in Decision-Making Practices of All USDOT Programs, Policies, and Activities (6-6)
E. Guidance Provided by FTA Title VI Circular (2007) for Recipients and Subrecipients of FTA Financial Assistance Regarding Compliance with Title VI and Integration of the USDOT Order as Well as Policy Guidance Concerning Limited-English-Proficient Persons (7-8)
F. Application of Principles of Environmental Justice to Avoid, Minimize, or Mitigate Disproportionately High and Adverse Human Health and Environmental Effects on Low-Income Populations (9-10)
G. Executive Order 13166 (2000), Department of Justice and USDOT Policy Guidance, and the 2007 FTA Title VI Circular Regarding Access to Transit Services for LEP Persons and Compliance with Title VI (11-11)
H. Recipients' and Subrecipients' Obligation to Promote Inclusive Public Participation (12-12)
I. Applicability of Title VI and the ADA to the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (13-13)
A. Section 601 Proscribes Only Intentional Discrimination (14-14)
A. Proof of Disparate Treatment: The Arlington Heights Factors (15-16)
B. Title VI and Recent Cases (17-20)
C. Pre-Sandoval Disparate-Impact Cases (21-22)
A. Cases Holding That Disparate-Impact Claims Are Not Actionable Under Section 1983 (23-23)
B. Sovereign Immunity and Section 1983 (24-24)
A. Procedures Applicable to Complaints (25-25)
B. Title VI Administrative Complaints Based on Reduction in Service or Increase in Fares (26-26)
D. Transit Agencies' Responses to Title VI Complaints (27-27)
A. Statutory Provisions Applicable to Public Transportation Providers (28-28)
B. DOT Regulations Implementing the ADA (29-29)
C. The Availability of a Private Right of Action Under the ADA (30-30)
D. The ADA and Paratransit Service (31-32)
E. ADA Administrative Compliance and Enforcement (33-33)
G. Whether State Transit Agencies Have Sovereign Immunity (34-34)
A. Prohibition of Discrimination in Public Accommodations (35-35)
B. Public Transportation Services Provided by Private Entities (36-36)
D. Administrative Action and Enforcement (37-37)
A. Transit Agencies' Title VI Policies (38-38)
B. Low-Income Populations (39-39)
C. Limited-English-Proficiency Persons (40-41)
D. Transit Agencies' ADA Policies (42-42)
E. Transit Agency Coordination (43-43)
F. Transit Agency Resources (44-44)
G. Policy Regarding Review of Legal Issues When Reducing Service or Increasing Fares (45-45)
X. CONCLUSION (46-46)
APPENDIX A - SURVEY QUESTIONS (47-50)
APPENDIX B - TRANSIT AGENCIES RESPONDING TO THE SURVEY (51-52)
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS (53-53)
BACK COVER (54-54)