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OCR for page 181
Index
A
Abortion
attitudes toward, 46, 47-49
contraceptive development and,
49-50, 53
contraceptive failure and, 23-24
prevalence of, 147
Africa, contraceptive use in, 21, 28
Agency for International Development
(AID)
contraception delivery, 103
contraception research, 59
contraceptive development
funding, 56, 58, 65, 68, 80, 81,
88
programs funded by, 60, 61~2, 64,
66,75
AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency
Syndrome), 7, 15, 18, 85
Alan Guttmacher Institute (AGI),
78-79, 80, 86
ALZA Corporation, 78, 120, 122, 139
American Fertilitr Society, 50
181
American Home Products
CoIporation, 60
Animal studies
appropriateness for testing
contraceptive drugs, 100,
115-116
in drug development, 92
extrapolation to humans, 100,
11~116, 132, 145
FDA testing regulations, 95, 9~99,
106
male vaccine research, 34
Antiprogesterone, 39
Asia, contraceptive use in, 21
Association for Voluntary Surgical
Contraception, 63
Atherosclerosis, 34
Augustine, Saint, 44
B
Bangladesh, 26, 112
Baroldy v. Ortho Pharmaceutical
Corp. (1988), 133
OCR for page 182
1 82 INDEX
Bamer methods, 25, 26
see also specif c methods
Berelson, Bernard, 26
Berlex Foundation, 82
Berlex Laboratories, Inc., 120
Beta blocking agents, 36
Beyette v. Ortho Pharmaceutical
Corp. (1987), 129
Biodegradable pellets, 32, 61
Birth Control Federation of America,
52
Blacks, 42
see also Minorities
Breast cancer, 25
Breastfeeding, 26, 33, 6~61, 148
Brochu v. Ortho Pharmaceutical
Corp. (1981), 132
Buck v. Bell (1927), 4~47
C
Calufornia Supreme Court, 125
Canada, 84, 111
Cancer
contraceptives as risk factor for, 95,
98,101
Depo-Provera end, 99
diaphragms and, 18
oral contraceptives and, 15, 17-18,
25
Captive insurance companies, 138,
139
Cardiovascular diseases, 17
see also Hypertension
Casii Connutii Pius Xr), 44
Catholic church, 44
Center for Population Research (CPR,
NICHD), 58, 70, 75
Centers for Disease Control, 127
Central Conference Of AmP~r~n
~ _ ~ ~· ~A ~ ~
Rabbis, 43 44
Cervical cancer, 18, 99
Cervical cap, 22
Cervical mucus, 17, 32
Chambers v. GO. Searle & Co.
(1975), 131n
Children, 24
Church of England, 44
Clinical Research International, 76
Clinical trials
contraceptive effectiveness in, 102
phases of, 92
regulatory requirements, 94, 95, 96,
111-112, 113, 116, 15~151
side effects and safety in, 100
see also Research
Coagulation, 117
Cobb v. Syntex Laboratories, Inc.
(1984), 131n
Collins v. Ortho Pharmaceutical
Corp. (1986), 129
Committee on Research in Problems
of Sex, 75
Common law, 47, 123,124, 125
Complications, 1~18, 24-25
ofIUDuse,15, 127
see also Side effects
Comstock Act (1873),45
Condoms
current use of, 14, 15
effectiveness of, 18, 22
female, 36
market for, 60
products liability law and, 122,
123, 134-135
regulation of, 106 107, 108
research on, 36
Conservative Rabbinical Assembly,
43-44
Continuation rates, 27
Contracap, Inc., 78
Contraceptive development
American values and,41-54, 149
competition in, 68
defined, 79
effectiveness requirements,
101-106
funding levels, 80
OCR for page 183
INDEX 183
women's attitudes toward, 51-53,
54
i]
funding recommendations, 8~87,
88
.mportance of, 1-2, 23-27, 28-29,
147-148
liability and, 118-119, 135,
137-140, 145-146
liability recommendations,
142-143
need for, 1-2, 11-14, 147-148
obstacles to, 12-13, 53-54, 109,
All, 149-150
organizations in, 71-74
regulation of, 9~93
regulatory recommendations,
11~116
research status, 30~0, 112
safety requirements, 95-101
training recommendations, 86, 88
Contraceptive devices, regulation of,
106 107
Contraceptive implants, 27,31, 37, 38,
64
see also NOR PLANT
Contraceptive Research and
Development Program
(CONRAD), 56, 60,61, 64, 66,
82
Contraceptives
abortion and, 49-50
benefits of, 12-13, 24,151
current use of, 14-21, 152
delivery of, 27-28
effectiveness of, 14, 15-19, 22-23,
25,27, 33,35, 36,37, 38,127,
147-148, 152
effectiveness of, regulations on, 2,
3, 101-106, 114, 115, 11~117
law and, 45~8
prices of, 112, 113
regulation outside United States,
110-114
religion and, 43~5
risks of, 3, 96, 102-105,110,
11~117
Contraceptive sponge, 18-19
current use of, 15,20
effectiveness of, 18, 22
Today brand,31, 60, 63, 66, 78, 94,
104
Contraceptive steroids
new delivery methods, 31-34, 35
regulatory requirements, 100, 109,
111-112, 117
toxicological testing of, 9~97, 116
Contraceptive vaccines, 33-34, 39~0.
89,146
Contraindications for available
contraceptives, 117, 130, 148
Copper IUDs, 35, 64
Copper-7, 122, 128-129, 130,
137-138
Copper T200, 113
Copper T380A (ParaGard), 17,31,
61, 122
Cygnus Research Corporation, 78
D
Dalkon Shield, 108, 120, 121-122,
12~128
Davis, Hugh J., 127
Death, see Mortality
Demulen 21 pill, 131n
Denmark, 84
Depo-Provera, 31, 117
current use of, 37-38
FDA rejection of, 94, 97-100, 104
Desogestrel, 35
Diaphragm, 18
current use of, 15
disposable, 36
effectiveness of, 18, 22
products liability law and,
122-123, 133
regulation of, 93,106-107, 108
risks of, 52
OCR for page 184
1 84 INDEX
Drug companies, see Pharmaceutical
industry
Drug Price Competition and Patent
Term Restoration Act (1984),
94,106,116
Drugs
current FDA requirements, 98
development of, 9~93
generic, 94, 106
liability law and, 126
regulation of, 89,95
Drugs, contraceptive, see
Contraceptive steroids
Duncan v. Syntex Laboratories, Inc.
(1977), 131n
E
Eastern Virginia Medical School, 56,
60, 61~2
Ectopic pregnancy, 15, 17, 37,
12~129
Egypt, contraceptive use in, 21
Eiser v. Feldman (1986), 131n
Endocon Corporation, 61, 78
Endometrium, 17, 50
English common law, 47
Enovid pill, 13 In, 132n
Environmental Protection Agency, 81
Epididymis, 34
Estrogens, 16, 33, 34, 132
assay for, 35
Eugenics, 42, 46
Europe
contraceptive use in, 21, 37
regulation in, 111-112
European Economic Community
(EEC), 111, 112
F
Failure rates, see Contraceptives,
effectiveness of
Fallopian tubes, 16, 3~37, 39
occlusion plugs, 107-108
Family Health International (EiEII), 56,
60, 66, 81
funding by, 62, 63, 69, 77
funding of, 76, 82
and liability insurance, 137
Family planning services, 23, 26, 28
Federal Council of Churches, 44
Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act
(~;FDCA) (1982 & Supp. III
1985), 93-94, 105
effectiveness requirements, 101
Medical Device Amendments
(1976), 94, 107, 108, 127n
safety requirements, 95-96, 99,
102, 127n
Female methods
research status, 31-34
sterilization, 14, 16, 2~21, 36, 39
Feminism, 52, 53
Fertility, new contraceptives and, 27
Fertilization, 50
Filshie clip, 39
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH),
34
Follicular growth, 35
Food and Drug Administration Q;DA),
35, 56
Advisory Committee on Fertility
and Maternal Health Drugs, 38,
93, 97, 134
Advisory Review Panel on OTC
Contraceptives and Other
Vaginal Drug Products, 134
approval of contraceptives, 34, 36,
38, 63~4, 90, 94, 109, 126, 152
approval and products liability,
3=, 119, 129-130, 141,
142-146
Center for Devices and
Radiological Health, 106 107
and Dalkon Shield, 127-128
OCR for page 185
INDEX 1 85
Medical Dewce Center, 36
New Drug Applications, 31, 64
regulation of drugs, 95-106 Hayes, Arthur Hull, Jr., 104, 117
regulation of medical devices, Health
106 109 benefits ofcon~aceptives, 12, 24,
151
H
regulatory requirements, 2-3,
89-90,92-93, 111-112,
11~117, 15~151
safety, attitude toward, 12, 104,
117, 119
safety requirements, 3, 95-101, 122
warnings, 131
Ford Foundation, 65,76, 80, 82, 84,
86
Fourteenth Amendment, 48
Fraudulent misrepresentation, 124,
143
Funding, 58, 75-77, 150
competition for, 68
foundation, 65, 82~3
government, 56, 64~5, 78-81
nonprofit organization, 56, 62~3
outside United States, 83~4, 86
pharmaceutical industry, 57, 77-78
recommendations on, 8~87, 88
research training, 84-86
G
General Accounting Office (GAO),
109, 111
Generic drugs, 94, 106
Georgetown University, 61~2
Georgia, 134
Gestodene,35
Goodson v. Searle Laboratories
(1978), 131n
Gossypol, 34-35
Greenman v. Tuba Power Products,
Inc. (1963), 125
Griswold v. Connecticut (1965),
45~6
Gynex, Inc., 61, 78
GynoPharma, Inc., 36, 61, 120,122
and regulation, 2, lW,117, 151
risks, 1~18, 25, 114-116, 147-148
Hewlett, William and Flora,
Foundation, 82
Hispanics, 26
see also Minorities
Hoechst-Roussel Pharmaceuticals,
Inc., 59
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr., 46
lIormone-releasing IUDs, 35
Human chorionic gonadotropin
(hCG), 33, 34
Hypertension, 15, 117, 151
I
Implantation, embryo, 17,50
Implants, contraceptive, 27, 31, 37,
38,64
see also NORPLANT~
India
and contraceptive development, 55,
69,112-113
contraceptive use in, 21
Indiana, 46
Inhibin, 34, 66
Injectable contraceptives, 26, 31,
33-34,37-38
microsphere, 32, 6(}61, 66
see also Depo-Pxovera
Institute olMedicine, 146
Institutional review board (IRB), 94,
108
Insurance, see Liability insurance
Interagency Council on Population
Research (ICPR), 78,82, 83
Interception, 50
OCR for page 186
186 INDEX
International Committee for
Contraception Research, 63
International Planned Parenthood
Federation, 113
International Research Centre of
Canada, 66
International Symposium on Research
on the Regulation of Human
Fertility, 113
Intrauterine device CUDS, 17-18
current use of, 15
effectiveness of, 17, 22,35
inert, 107-108
problems of, 26, 27
products liability litigation and,
121-122, 12~130, 152
regulation of, 92-93, 106 107, 109
risks of, 25, 52, 115
sales of, 60
see also Copper IUDs, Dalkon
Shield
Investigational Device Exemption
(IDE), 108
Investigational New Drug (IND)
application, 92,95, 105
In vitro fertilization (IVF), 50
JI.M. and BM. v. Schnud
Laboratories, Inc. (1981),
13~135
Johnson & Johnson Products, Inc., 59,
131n
Jordan v. Ortho Pharmaceutical
Corp. (1985), 132n
Judaism, 43~4
Jury Verdict Information Reports, 120
K
Korea, contraceptive use in, 21
L
Lactation
IUD end, 27
oral contraceptives and, 16, 17, 26
Lamanna, Wry Ann, 48
Lambeth Conference, 44
Laparoscopy, 16
Latin America, contraceptive use in,
21
Law
and contraceptive development,
45-48, 56
products liability, llS-119,
123-126
products liability case studies,
12~135, 145-146
recommendation for federal
products liability statute, 4,
142-146
Lawson v. GOD. Searle & Co. (1976),
132n, 133n
Learned intermediary rule, 125, 129,
130
Leiras Pharmaceuticals, 38, 64,66
Lerner, Irwin S., 127
Less developed countries, 7, 8,28
contraceptive use in, 21, 148
regulation in, 103, 112-113
Levonorges~el, 33, 38, 64
Lexis Pharmaceuticals, Inc.,61
LEXIS Service, 120
Liability, strict, 125-126, 129-130,
134, 143
Liability insurance, 39, 130
and contraceptive development,
137-140
industry, 12~127, 135-137, 139
policy holders, 139-140
sources of data, 119-121
see also Products liability law
Lilly, Eli, & Co., 59
OCR for page 187
INDEX 1 87
Lippes Loop, 108, 122, 127, 128, 129 Mifegyne,39
Long-tailed lines of insurance, 135 Mifepristone,39
Lukaszewicz v. Ortho Pharmaceutical Minicondom,36
Corp. (1981), 131 Minilaparotomy, 16
Luteinizing hormone-releasing Minipill, 17, 27
hormone (LHRH) analogues, 31, Minorities
34, 66-67
Lutheran church, 44
M
MacArthur, John D. and Catherine T.,
Foundation, 82
MacDonald v. Ortho Ph~rmaceuiical
Corp. (1985), 131, 132, 145
McEwen v. Ortho Pharmaceutical
Corp. (1974), 131, 132, 145
Male methods
current use of, 21, 22,53
research status, 34-35
see also Condoms, Vasectomy
Marder v. G.D. Searle & Co. (1986),
12~129
Marriage, 44
Matemal deaths, 23, 24
May v. Parke Davis and Co. (1985),
132
Mead Data Central, Inc., 120
Mead Johnson & Company, 59,120
Medical Device Amendments to the
FFDCA (1976), 94, 107,108,
127n
Medical devices
liability law, 126
regulation of, 89,106-109
Medical malpractice, 135,139, 140
Mellon, Andrew W., Foundation, 58,
65, 80, 82, 84, 85~87
Menstrual periods, 15,17, 32, 38
Merck, Sharp & Dohme Company, 59
Merhige, Robert, Jr., 128
Microcapsules,32
Microspheres, 32, 60-61, 66
contraceptive use, 42, 47, 53
in research, 87, 150
Misrepresentation, fraudulent, 124,
143
Monoclonal antibodies, 35
Moody, Jim, 70
Mortality
in abortion, 23
Depo-Provera and, 97
DaLkon Shield and, 127
in pregnancy, 24
stenlizabon and, 25
Multiload IUD, 39
N
National Academy of Sciences, 75
National Institute of Child Health and
Human Development (NICEID),
78-79, 82
Center for Population Research
(CPR), 58,70,75
funding by, 58, 75, 81
National Institute on Population and
Human Reproduction
(proposed), 70
National Institutes of Heals (NIH),
59,61,68,75,78
contraceptive development
funding, 58, 65,66, 77, 86, 88
fellowship grants, 84~5
reproductive biology funding, 56,
81
National Science Foundation (NSF),
70,81
Natural family planning methods, 19,
25,35
OCR for page 188
188 INDEX
Negligence, 125, 129, 134, 143
Nepal, 112
Netherlands, 111
New Chemical Entities (NCE),
105-106
New Drug Application ~DA), 92,
105, 109, 111
New Jersey, ll9n
Nonprofit organizations
contraceptive development by, 1,
62~4, 70, 87, 149-150
funding by, 5~57, 58
funding of, 76
and liability insurance, 137
Norethindrone (NEI), 32
Norgestimate, 32,35
Nonnylpill, 131n, 132
Noristerat,38
Norlestrin, 132
NORPLANT@, 27,38,47
development of, 63 64, 66
FDA approval application, 31,67,
92
Northwestern University, 61~2
Norway, 84, 111
o
OBIGY~Litigation Reporter, 120
Obscenity, 45
Octoxynol-9, 133-134
Office of Technology Assessment, 31
Ohio, ll9n
Oklahoma, 47
Oral contraceptives
and cancer risk, IS, 16-17, 25
current use of, 14, 15, 20
effectiveness of, 1~17, 22, 52
generic, 61
market for, 60, 68
modification of, 35
products liability and, 121, 122,
13~133, 145
progestin-only (minipill), 17, 27
regulation of, 96, 109, 113
side effects, 25, 26,93
risks of, 24, 32, 110, 130, 148, 151
Oregon, lion
Organon, Inc., 39, 59
Ortho-Gynol con~acep~ave jelly,
133-134
Ortho-Novum pill, 131n, 132
Ortho Pharmaceutical Corporation
contraceptive development, 59, 60,
61,66-67,76, 77-78
and products liability, 120, 122,
129-130, 131-132, 133, 139,
14~146
Ortho Pharmaceutical Corp. v. Heath
(1986), 130n, 145
Ortho survey (1987), 22
Osmotic pills, 33
Ovablock silicone plugs, 39
Ovarian cancer, IS, 1~17
Ovral pill, 131n, 132
Ovulation
detection of, 31, 35
oral contraceptives and, 15, 16, 17
suppression of, 32, 34
Ovutimer, 35
p
Packard, David and Lucite,
Foundation, 82
Panty condom, 36
ParaGard IUD (Copper T380A), 17,
31,61, 122
Parke-Davis ~ Company, 59, 120,
132, 139
Patent life, 105-106, 112, 116
Patent and Trademark Office, 105
Paul VI, 44
Pelvic infections, 15, 16, 127
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID),
15, 17-18,25, 12~129
OCR for page 189
INDEX 189
Periodic abstinence, 19,35,44
current use of, 15
effectiveness of, 19, 22,25
Pharmaceutical industry
contraceptive development, 1, 58,
59 60, 64, 6~68, 70, 149
patents and, 105
and products liability, 11~119,
120, 135, 137, 151-152
regulation end, 89, 111-112
research funding, 76, 77-78, 87
see also Private sector
Pharmaceutical Litigation Reporter,
120
Pharmaceutical Manufacturers
Association, 77
Physicians' Desk Reference, 130
Pin, see Oral contraceptives
Pius XI, 44
Pituitary gland, 34
Planned Parenthood Federation of
America, 52, 53, 63, 82, 139
Population Council, 56
contraceptive development funding
by, 69, 76,77, 80
contraceptive development
research, 62, 63, 64, 66, 67
funding of, 82
and liability insurance, 137
Population growth, 12,45
Postmarketing surveillance, 113
current inadequacy of, 110
FDA requirements, 93, 99
recommendations on, 3, 4,115, 143
Potassium, 35
Pregnancy, 33
diagnosis of, 50
ectopic, 15, 17, 37, 128-129
risks of, 2, 7, 12, 103, 117, 148,
151
teenage, 147
Pregnancy, accidental, see
Contraceptives,
effectiveness of
Premarketing Approval Application
(PMA),93, 109
Privacy, right to, 45~6,48
Private foundations, 76, 7S, 80, 82-83,
87~S, 150
see also Nonprofit organizations,
specific foundations
Private sector
funding, 83, 150
research, 55-56, 57, 58
see also Pharmaceutical industry
Product Liability Risk Retention Act
(1981), 140
1986 amendments to, 138
Products liability law, 3 - , 115, 116,
123-126
condoms, 122, 123, 13~135
and contraceptive development,
11~119, 137-13S, 151-152
data sources, 119-120
diaphragms, 122-123, 133
insurance crisis, 13~137, 138-140
intrauterine devices, 121-122,
12~130, 152
oral contraceptives, 121, 122,
13~133, 145
recommendation for federal statute,
141-146
spermicides, 121, 122, 133-134,
145-146
Progestasert IUD, 17, 122
Progesterone, 16, 33,34, 39,50
antiprogesterone, 39
Progestin-only oral contraceptives
(minipill), 17, 27
Progestins, 32, 33
Program for Appropriate Technology
in Health (PATH), 56, 63, 66
Propranolol, 36
Prostaglandin analogues, 31, 39
Prostaglandins, 51
Protestantism,,14 45
Public Health Service Act (1982 &
Supp. 1988), 89
OCR for page 190
19O INDEX
Public opinion,41,48, 94
Pure Food and Drugs Act (1906>,
93-94
R
Reagan, Ronald, 70
Reeder v. Hammond (1983), 13 In
Regulation
changes recommended for,
114-116
and con~acep~ve development,
2-3, 63-64, 89-94, 15~151
of drug effectiveness, 101-106
of drug safety, 3, 95-101
of insurance rates, 140
of medical devices, 10~ 109
outside United States, 11~114
postmarketing surveillance, 110
see also Food and Drug
Administration
Religion, 43-45, 53
Reproductive biology, 79, 80, 150
Reproductive endocrinology, 81
Research, 148-149
animal studies, 92, 95, 9~99, 100,
106, 132, 145
collaborative efforts, 6~69
current status of, 1, 3~31
on female methods, 31-34
funding, 70, 75-76, 80
on male methods, 34-35
on modifications of existing
methods, 35-37
nonprofit organization, 62~4
outside United States, 37-39, 55
personnel in, 86, 87, 149-150
postmarketing surveillance, 110
private sector, 55-56, 57, 58,
59~1
public sector, 1, 56, 70, 149
university, 61-62
see also Clinical Dials
Restatement (Second) of Torts,
118-119, 125, 129-130
Rhythm method, see Periodic
abstinence
Risk retention groups, 138, 139, 140
Robins, A.H., Company, Inc., 120,
121, 122, 127-128
Rockefeller Foundation, 58, 65, 66,
77,80, 82,84, 87
Rockefeller University, 63
Roe v. Wade (1973),47-48
Romero v. GD. Searle & Co. (1987),
129
Roosevelt, Theodore, 51
Roussel-Uclaf, 39, 59
RUG 86, 39,49, 5~51
S
Safety requirements, contraceptive, 3,
95-101, 115, 152
FDA and, 12, 104, 117, 119
see also Regulation
Saf-T-Coil IUD, 122, 127
Salk Institute, 66 67
Schering, AG, 38,59
Schmid Laboratories, Inc., 120, 122,
13~135
Scientists
recommendations for support, 87
Paining of, ~86
university, 61~2,67
Sclerosing chemicals, 37
Searle, G.D., & Company, 120
contraceptive development, 36,59
and products liability, 128-129,
130, 131n, 132n, 133n,
137-138, 139
Seley v. GD. Searle & Co. (1981),
133n
Self-insurance, 138, 139, 140
Sex, attitudes toward, 43, 44
Sex education, 29
OCR for page 191
INDEX 191
Sexually transmitted diseases, 2, 12
contraceptive protection against,
15,18-19,25, 36
`'Shug" device, 37
Side effects, 21
clinical testing and, 100 101
of contraceptives currently in use,
15,16-17,20, 130
of contraceptives under
development, 32, 33,34, 35, 93
risks of, 24-25
safety standards and, 2,102, 152
Skinner, Jack, 47
Skinner v. Oklahoma (1942),46-47
Smoking, 15,24, 117, 148
Sperm, 3~35
Sperm antigens, 34
Spermicides, 36
effectiveness of, 19, 22
products liability and, 121, 122,
133-134, 145-146
Spinden v. Johnson & Johnson (1981),
131n
States
contraceptive laws, 45, 46-47, 48
legislatures, 123, 140
liabilitylaws,4, 11~119, 134,
142, 144
Statute, federal products liability, 4,
142-146
Sterilization
altitudes toward, 46~7
clips, 107-108
complications in, 25
current use of, 14,2~21,49, 147
effectiveness of, 16, 22
female, 14, 16, 2~21, 36, 39
male, 14-19,20,37,67
research on, 3~37
reversible, 36, 37
Steroidal methods, see Contraceptive
steroids
Stolle Research and Development
Corporation, 6~61, 66-67, 78
and liability insurance, 137
Strict liability, 125-126, 129-130,
134, 143
Subdermal implants, 27
see also Contraceptive implants,
NORPLANT~
Sweden, 84, 111
Syntex Laboratories, Inc., 59, 120,
131n, 139
T
Tatum-T IUD, 122, 130
Taylor v. Wyeth Laboratories, Inc.
(1984), 132
Texas, ll9n
Today contraceptive sponge, 31, 60,
63,66,78
FDA approval of, 94, 104
Tort law, 123, 135, 136, 142, 146
strict liability in, 125-126
see also Law
Toxicological testing
current regulatory requirements,
9~97, 109, 111-112, 15~151
recommended changes in, 115-116
Toxic shock syndrome, 19, 133
Training, research, 84~6, 87
recommendations for, 87
Transcervical sterilization, 37
Transdermal patches, 33
Tnphasic pills, 31
Tubal occlusion plugs, 107-108
Tubal pregnancy, 37
U
Uniform Commercial Code, 118-119,
124
Uniform Product Liability Act (1979),
123
United Kingdom, 84, 99, 111
United Nations, 77
OCR for page 192
1 92 INDEX
United Nations Development
Programme (tlNDP), 65, 84
United Nations Fund for Population
Activities (UMBRA), 65, 84
United States
Constitution, 46, 48
Deparanent of Agriculture, 81
Department of Commerce, 105
DeparOnent of Energy, 81
Deparunent of Health and Human
Services, 56,80
federal products liability statute
(recommenced), 4, 142-146
Supreme Court, 45~8
see also Agency for International
Development, Food and Dmg
Administration
United States Congress
and contraceptive development, 53,
84,99, 104, 116
and products Liability, 4, 123, 142,
152
regulatory legislation, 93-94, 100,
108, 127n
United States government
contraception policies, 12
contraceptive development
funding, 56, 58, 64~5, 75-76,
78~1, 84,87-88,150
and family planning programs, 42
research, 1, 56, 70, 149
Universities, 61-62, 67
Upjohn Company, 38, 59, 97, 99, 100
Urinary estrogen essays, 35
User perspective 52
Uterine cancer, 15, 1~17
Uterus, perforation of, 25,128-129
V
Vaccines, contraceptive, 33-34,
39~0, 89,146
Vaginal contraceptives
current use of, 15,19, 20
products liability and, 133-134
regulation of, 109
Vaginal ring,31,32-33, 66
Vas deferens, 16,37
Vasectomy
complications in, 25
current use of, 1~19,20
nonsurgical, 37, 67
Vastech Medical Products, Inc., 67
Vaughn v. GOD. Searle & Co. (1975),
133n
Veterans Administration, 81
Viability, 48
Virginia, 46
VLI Corporation, 60,61, 63, 66
W
Wa~rantr, 124,129, 134, 143
Watson Laboratories, 61
Webster v. Reproductive Health
Services (1989),48
Wells v. Ortho Pharmaceutical Corp.
(1985), 133-134, 145-146
Whitehall Laboratories, Inc., 60, 120
Withdrawal method, 15,20, 22
Women
attitudes toward con~acep~ves,
51-53, 54
benefits of contraception to, 12
contraceptive use, 14, 2~21, 25,
38
privacy right of, 48
in research, 150
see also Female methods
Wooderson v. Ortho Pharmaceutical
Corp. (1984), 132
World Bank, 56, 65, 77, 84
World Health Organization (WHO)
contraceptive development, 32,63
dMg regulations, 97,98, 113-114,
15~151
research, 55, 56, 65-66
research funding, 61, 68, 69, 83-84
OCR for page 193
INDEX 1 93
Special Programme of Research,
Development, and Research
Training in Human
Reproduction (HRP), 8, 55, 59,
65~6, 69, 83, 86, 87
Wyeth Laboratories, Inc., 38, 64, 120
132
Wye~-Ayerst Laboratories Division,
59, 66
z
Zimbabwe, 112
Representative terms from entire chapter:
contraceptive development
