National Academies Press: OpenBook

Common Airport Pavement Maintenance Practices (2011)

Chapter: Chapter Four - Technology of Pavement Preservation Treatments

« Previous: Chapter Three - Pavement Inventory and Evaluation
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter Four - Technology of Pavement Preservation Treatments." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Common Airport Pavement Maintenance Practices. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14500.
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter Four - Technology of Pavement Preservation Treatments." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Common Airport Pavement Maintenance Practices. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14500.
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter Four - Technology of Pavement Preservation Treatments." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Common Airport Pavement Maintenance Practices. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14500.
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter Four - Technology of Pavement Preservation Treatments." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Common Airport Pavement Maintenance Practices. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14500.
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This chapter describes the technology of pavement M&R treatments for AC and PCC pavements. It also describes the survey results concerning the use and performance of M&R treatments reported by airport agencies. SURVEY RESULTS Survey results for AC and PCC pavements are summarized in Tables 3 and 4, respectively. The tables contain informa- tion on the usage and performance of common M&R treat- ments as reported by 50 representatives of airport agencies. There were 19 M&R treatments included in the survey for AC pavements (Table 3) and 19 M&R treatments for PCC pavements (Table 4). The treatments traditionally considered to be preventive maintenance treatments are shown in Tables 3 and 4 in italic font. Data presented in Tables 3 and 4 are the percentages of usage or performance of M&R treatments reported by survey respondents. For example, referring to the first row of data in Table 3, 84% of airports that responded to the survey routinely use crack sealing with hot-poured sealant and 11% of airports have tried using this treatment. Consequently, 95% of the air- ports routinely use or have tried using this treatment and the remaining 5% have not. Continuing with the example data in the first row, 19% of the airports that routinely use or have tried using crack sealing with hot-poured sealant reported very good performance with this treatment, 71% of the airports reported good performance, and 10% of the airports reported poor per- formance. The number of reporting airports, corresponding to the percentages of airports given in Tables 3 and 4, are pre- sented in Appendix A as part of the Survey Questionnaire. Approximately 70% of the responding airports had both AC and PCC pavements on at least some airfield facilities, and about 30% of airports had both AC and PCC pavements on runways (Figure 11). Approximately 50% of airports had only AC pavements on runways and 20% of airports had only PCC pavements on runways. Considering the distribution of pavement types, a large segment of airports need to have staff familiar with the technology of both AC and PCC pavements. Use of Maintenance and Rehabilitation Treatments Information on the use of M&R treatments obtained from the survey provides a good indication of what types of such treat- 18 ments are used across the country. For example, 84% of air- ports (that have AC pavements) reported that they routinely use crack sealing with hot-poured sealant (Table 3). Simi- larly, 61% of agencies (that have PCC pavements) reported that they are routinely using, or have tried using, joint seal- ing with silicone sealant (Table 4). The use of some M&R treatments depends on the size and volume of traffic of the airport, such as the treatments aimed at increasing pavement friction. Consequently, although about 39% of the responding airports reported using diamond grind- ing (routinely or on a trial basis), the percentage for small air- ports would probably be considerably lower, and for large airports most likely considerably higher. For AC pavements, the following six M&R treatments were used by less than 15% of agencies that had AC pave- ments on at least one facility: spray patching, texturization using fine milling, microsurfacing, hot and cold in-place recycling, and PCC overlay. For PCC pavements, the following four M&R treatments were used by less than 15% of the agencies: load transfer restoration treatments using sub-sealing and slab stitching, full-depth repairs using precast panels, and microsurfacing. Performance of Maintenance and Rehabilitation Treatments Survey results concerning the performance of M&R treat- ments reported in Tables 3 and 4 are not reliable because of sample size limitations and the lack of objective guidelines for the evaluation of treatment performance. A very large sample size would be needed to obtain a statistically signifi- cant number of performance reports for the M&R treatments that are not frequently used, even if all survey responses were grouped in one sample. However, the treatment performance may depend on the environmental zone (e.g., wet-freeze, dry-freeze, dry-no freeze, and wet-no freeze) and on the air- port facility (runway, taxiway, and apron) further increasing the sample size. To obtain an objective rating of the treatment perfor- mance shown in Tables 3 and 4 would also require the devel- opment of performance evaluation guidelines for all M&R treatments and adherence to such guidelines by the respon- CHAPTER FOUR TECHNOLOGY OF PAVEMENT PRESERVATION TREATMENTS

19 dents. For example, evaluation guidelines would need to be prepared to explain what conditions need be met to rank the performance of an overlay as very good. Several respondents did not provide performance ranking for treatments that they do not use routinely, and some respondents were reluctant to provide any ranking at all. Nevertheless, the performance information obtained from the survey provides information on overall trends. Average performance data from the survey respondents for both AC and PCC pavements are presented in Table 5. There is only a very small, statistically insignificant differ- ence between the average performance of M&R treatments for AC pavements and those for PCC pavements. For exam- ple, on the average, the performance of approximately 60% of M&R treatments for AC pavements was rated as good, whereas the corresponding number of M&R treatments for PCC pavements was about 58%. On average, only about 11% of M&R treatments for AC pavements received a poor performance, whereas the corresponding percentage for PCC pavements was 12. For frequently used treatments, it is possible to identify some expected trends in the performance of M&R treat- ments. For example, approximately 50% of airport agencies routinely use or tried making shallow repairs of PCC slabs using PCC material or AC material. It is generally recom- mended that PCC material be used to repair PCC slabs. This recommendation is supported by the performance data given in Figure 12. As expected, the survey data show somewhat better performance of PCC material. Innovative and Additional Treatments In addition to the common M&R treatments listed in Tables 3 and 4, airport agencies reported the use, and in some cases commented on the performance, of the following innovative M&R treatments: • Stress-relieving membranes to retard reflective crack- ing in AC overlays. • Proprietary materials for AC overlays. • Portland cement with high proportions of fly ash and blast furnace slag. • Rejuvenators (asphalt emulsions) to stabilize granular shoulders. • Over-band method of sealing cracks in AC pavements with sealing material containing fibers. • Slurry seals containing thermoplastic coal-tar (fuel- resistant) emulsion. Survey Result, % Usage Performance Treatment Type R ou tin e H av e Tr ie d To ta l V er y G oo d G oo d Po or hot-poured sealant 84 11 95 19 71 10 Crack sealing with cold-applied sealant 9 7 16 17 66 17 hot mix 52 16 68 42 58 0 cold mix 43 18 61 13 50 37 Small area (pothole)patching using proprietary mix 9 11 20 25 50 25 Spray patching (includes manual chip seal) 5 7 11 0 100 0 Machine patching with AC 27 14 41 39 55 6 Milling and machine patching with AC 34 18 52 39 61 0 fine milling 7 5 11 20 80 0 Texturization using controlled shot blasting 0 16 16 0 71 29 Rejuvenators, fog seals, etc. 30 23 52 23 59 18 Surface treatment 15 18 43 6 81 13 Slurry seal 23 25 48 10 75 15 Microsurfacing 2 9 11 25 75 0 Hot-mix overlay 45 23 68 48 48 4 Milling and hot-mix overlay 45 18 64 58 42 0 Hot in-place recycling 5 2 7 N/A N/A N/A Cold in-place recycling 2 0 2 N/A N/A N/A Whitetopping (PCC overlay) 7 7 14 60 20 20 Notes: Treatments traditionally considered preventive maintenance treatments are in italics. N/A: sample size is too small. TABLE 3 PAVEMENT PRESERVATION TREATMENTS FOR ASPHALT CONCRETE PAVEMENTS

Average Performance for all Treatments and Airports (%) Pavem ent Type No. of Airports No. of Treatm ents Very Good Good Poor AC Pavem ents 44 19 30.2 59.1 10.7 PCC Pavem ents 41 19 29.6 58.1 12.3 TABLE 5 AVERAGE PERFORMANCE OF M&R TREATMENTS FOR DIFFERENT PAVEMENT TYPES 20 • Fuel-resistant AC containing resin-modified asphalt cement. • Warm-mix AC (rather than the traditional hot mix). • Transverse grooving of AC pavement surfaces to improve pavement friction. • Specific repairs of wide or deteriorated pavement cracks in AC pavements. • Various types of fog seals. • Crack filling AC mixes (mastic) for repairs of large cracks in AC pavements. • Proprietary AC and PCC mixes for patching repairs. All of these M&R treatments and materials require continu- ing evaluation to document cost-effectiveness. 0 20 40 60 80 Facility type Pe rc en ta ge o f r es po nd en ts Only AC Only PCC AC & PCC All facilities Runways only TABLE 4 PAVEMENT PRESERVATION TREATMENTS FOR PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENTS FIGURE 11 Distribution of pavement types. Survey Result, % Usage Performance Treatment Type R ou tin e H av e Tr ie d To ta l V er y G oo d G oo d Po o r bituminous sealant 29 15 44 13 80 7 silicone sealant 39 22 61 29 71 0 Joint/crack sealing with neoprene seal 7 22 29 36 36 27 sub-sealing and slab jacking 2 5 7 N/A N/A N/A slab stitching 2 5 7 N/A N/A N/A Load transfer restoration dowel retrofit 12 5 17 60 40 0 PCC 34 15 49 28 67 6 AC 29 20 49 18 65 18 Shallow patch repair using proprietary mix 17 17 34 42 42 17 PCC 46 15 61 47 47 6 AC 20 39 59 31 54 15 proprietary mix 7 17 24 30 50 20 Full and partial depth repairs or slab replacement using precast panels 2 2 5 N/A N/A N/A Machine patching with AC 5 12 17 33 50 17 Diamond grinding 5 34 39 21 79 0 Controlled shot blasting 0 15 15 0 80 20 Microsurfacing 0 5 5 N/A N/A N/A AC overlay 10 27 37 36 64 0 Bonded PCC overlay (whitetopping) 7 7 15 40 40 20 Notes: Treatments traditionally considered preventive maintenance treatments are in italics. N/A: sample size is too small.

21 a Catalog of Airport Pavement Preservation Treatments pro- vided in Appendix B. Some of the treatments listed in Tables 3 and 4 can be applied, with only very small modifications, to both AC and PCC pavements; for example, microsurfacing, and controlled shot blasting. Other treatments listed in the tables are just a variation of the same treatment using different materials. An example for AC pavements would be the crack sealing of such pavements with hot-poured sealant versus cold-applied sealant. An example for PCC pavements would be the shallow patch repair using PCC material versus using AC material or proprietary material. For survey purposes, treatments common to both pavement types, as well as treatments that differ only by the material used, were considered separately because the usage and per- formance of these treatments may differ. For the description in the Catalog the treatments used in the survey were combined into generic categories based primarily on the construction technology of the treatments. As a result, the 38 treatments listed in Tables 3 and 4 were combined into the 24 treatments listed in Table 6 and are described in the Catalog of Airport Pavement Preservation Treatments (Appendix B). 0 20 40 60 80 Very good Good Poor Performance rating Pe rc en ta ge o f r es po ns es AC material PCC material Both Pavement Types Asphalt Concrete Portland Cement Concrete Texturization using controlled shot blasting Diamond grinding Microsurfacing Sealing and filling of cracks (with hot- or cold-applied sealants) Small area patching (using hot mix, cold mix, or proprietary material) Spray patching (manual chip seal or mechanized spray patching) Machine patching with AC material Rejuvenators and seals Texturization using fine milling Surface treatment (chip seal, chip seal coat) Slurry seal Hot-mix overlay (includes milling of AC pavements) Hot in-place recycling Cold in-place recycling Ultra-thin whitetopping Joint and crack sealing (with bituminous, silicone, or compression sealants) Partial-depth repairs (using AC, PCC, or proprietary materials) Full-depth repairs (using AC, PCC, or proprietary materials) Machine patching using hot mix Slab stabilization and slab- jacking Load transfer Crack and joint stitching Hot-mix overlays Bonded PCC overlay 3 treatments 12 treatments 9 treatments FIGURE 12 Performance of materials used for shallow patch repairs of PCC slabs. TABLE 6 AIRPORT PAVEMENT PRESERVATION TREATMENTS INCLUDED IN THE CATALOG CATALOG OF AIRPORT PAVEMENT PRESERVATION TREATMENTS There is a large amount of information available concern- ing the technology of pavement preservation treatments. For example, there are literally dozens and in some cases even hundreds of reports on each of the 38 M&R treatments listed in Tables 3 and 4. To present information in a concise and sys- tematic way, each of the 38 M&R treatments was described using the same structure in less than three pages. The result is

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TRB’s Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) Synthesis 22: Common Airport Pavement Maintenance Practices explores how airports implement a pavement maintenance management program, including inspecting and tracking pavement condition, scheduling maintenance, identifying necessary funds, and treating distresses in asphalt and concrete pavements.

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