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REPORT S2-R26-RR-1
Preservation
Approaches for
High-Traffic-Volume
Roadways
Accelerating solutions for highway safety, renewal, reliability, and capacity
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TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD 2011 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE*
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The Second
S T R A T E G I C H I G H W A Y R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M
REPORT S2-R26-RR-1
Preservation Approaches for
High-Traffic-Volume Roadways
D. PESHKIN, K. L. SMITH, A. WOLTERS, AND J. KRSTULOVICH
Applied Pavement Technology, Inc.
Urbana, Illinois
J. MOULTHROP AND C. ALVARADO
Fugro Consultants, Inc.
Austin, Texas
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD
WASHINGTON, D.C.
2011
www.TRB.org
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Subscriber Categories
Highways
Maintenance and Preservation
Materials
Pavements
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The Second Strategic Highway SHRP 2 Report S2-R26-RR-1
Research Program
ISBN: 978-0-309-12891-9
America's highway system is critical to meeting the mobility Library of Congress Control Number: 2011939428
and economic needs of local communities, regions, and the
nation. Developments in research and technology--such as © 2011 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
advanced materials, communications technology, new data
collection technologies, and human factors science--offer a
new opportunity to improve the safety and reliability of this
Copyright Information
important national resource. Breakthrough resolution of sig-
Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for ob-
nificant transportation problems, however, requires concen- taining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright
trated resources over a short time frame. Reflecting this need, to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein.
the second Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP 2) has The second Strategic Highway Research Program grants permission to reproduce
an intense, large-scale focus, integrates multiple fields of re- material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permis-
sion is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to
search and technology, and is fundamentally different from imply TRB, AASHTO, or FHWA endorsement of a particular product, method,
the broad, mission-oriented, discipline-based research pro- or practice. It is expected that those reproducing material in this document for
educational and not-for-profit purposes will give appropriate acknowledgment
grams that have been the mainstay of the highway research in- of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the ma-
dustry for half a century. terial, request permission from SHRP 2.
Note: SHRP 2 report numbers convey the program, focus area, project number,
The need for SHRP 2 was identified in TRB Special Report 260: and publication format. Report numbers ending in "w" are published as web
documents only.
Strategic Highway Research: Saving Lives, Reducing Congestion,
Improving Quality of Life, published in 2001 and based on a study
sponsored by Congress through the Transportation Equity Act Notice
for the 21st Century (TEA-21). SHRP 2, modeled after the The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the second Strategic
first Strategic Highway Research Program, is a focused, time- Highway Research Program, conducted by the Transportation Research Board
with the approval of the Governing Board of the National Research Council.
constrained, management-driven program designed to comple-
The members of the technical committee selected to monitor this project and to
ment existing highway research programs. SHRP 2 focuses on review this report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard
applied research in four areas: Safety, to prevent or reduce for appropriate balance. The report was reviewed by the technical committee
and accepted for publication according to procedures established and overseen
the severity of highway crashes by understanding driver behav- by the Transportation Research Board and approved by the Governing Board of
ior; Renewal, to address the aging infrastructure through rapid the National Research Council.
design and construction methods that cause minimal disrup- The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of
tions and produce lasting facilities; Reliability, to reduce conges- the researchers who performed the research and are not necessarily those of the
Transportation Research Board, the National Research Council, or the program
tion through incident reduction, management, response, and sponsors.
mitigation; and Capacity, to integrate mobility, economic, envi- The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, the National
ronmental, and community needs in the planning and designing Research Council, and the sponsors of the second Strategic Highway Research
Program do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers'
of new transportation capacity. names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the object of
the report.
SHRP 2 was authorized in August 2005 as part of the Safe, Ac-
countable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy
for Users (SAFETEA-LU). The program is managed by the
Transportation Research Board (TRB) on behalf of the National
Research Council (NRC). SHRP 2 is conducted under a memo-
randum of understanding among the American Association of
State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), the Fed-
eral Highway Administration (FHWA), and the National Acad-
emy of Sciences, parent organization of TRB and NRC. The SHRP 2 Reports
program provides for competitive, merit-based selection of re- Available by subscription and through the TRB online bookstore:
search contractors; independent research project oversight; and www.TRB.org/bookstore
dissemination of research results.
Contact the TRB Business Office:
202-334-3213
More information about SHRP 2:
www.TRB.org/SHRP2
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The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars
engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and
to their use for the general welfare. On the authority of the charter granted to it by Congress in 1863, the
Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters.
Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy
of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and
in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for
advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs
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respectively, of the National Research Council.
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SHRP 2 STAFF
Neil F. Hawks, Director
Ann M. Brach, Deputy Director
Kizzy Anderson, Senior Program Assistant, Implementation
Stephen Andrle, Chief Program Officer, Capacity
James Bryant, Senior Program Officer, Renewal
Mark Bush, Senior Program Officer, Renewal
Kenneth Campbell, Chief Program Officer, Safety
JoAnn Coleman, Senior Program Assistant, Capacity
Eduardo Cusicanqui, Finance Officer
Walter Diewald, Senior Program Officer, Safety
Jerry DiMaggio, Implementation Coordinator
Charles Fay, Senior Program Officer, Safety
Carol Ford, Senior Program Assistant, Safety
Elizabeth Forney, Assistant Editor
Jo Allen Gause, Senior Program Officer, Capacity
Abdelmename Hedhli, Visiting Professional
James Hedlund, Special Consultant, Safety Coordination
Ralph Hessian, Visiting Professional
Andy Horosko, Special Consultant, Safety Field Data Collection
William Hyman, Senior Program Officer, Reliability
Linda Mason, Communications Officer
Michael Miller, Senior Program Assistant, Reliability
Gummada Murthy, Senior Program Officer, Reliability
David Plazak, Senior Program Officer, Capacity and Reliability
Monica Starnes, Senior Program Officer, Renewal
Noreen Stevenson-Fenwick, Senior Program Assistant, Renewal
Charles Taylor, Special Consultant, Renewal
Onno Tool, Visiting Professional
Dean Trackman, Managing Editor
Pat Williams, Administrative Assistant
Connie Woldu, Administrative Coordinator
Patrick Zelinski, Communications Specialist
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration in cooperation with the American Associ-
ation of State Highway and Transportation Officials. It was conducted in the second Strategic Highway
Research Program (SHRP 2), which is administered by the Transportation Research Board of the National
Academies. The project was managed by James W. Bryant, Jr., Senior Program Officer for SHRP 2 Renewal.
The research reported on herein was performed by Applied Pavement Technology (APTech), Inc. David
Peshkin, Vice President of APTech, was the principal investigator. He was supported in the research by the fol-
lowing APTech engineers: James Krstulovich, Kelly Smith, Kurt Smith, Angela Wolters, and Katie Zimmer-
man. Also providing support were Jim Moulthrop and Cesar Alvarado of Fugro Consultants, Inc., and
consultants Gerry Eller (formerly Executive Director of the Foundation for Pavement Preservation),
Dr. R. Gary Hicks (Technical Director of the California Pavement Preservation Center), and Dean Testa
(formerly Chief Construction Engineer with the Kansas Department of Transportation).
The authors gratefully acknowledge those individuals from state departments of transportation, industry
organizations, and academia who participated in the project survey and provided important information and
documentation for this project. The time and effort that they contributed were instrumental in the successful
completion of this project.
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F O R E W O R D
James W. Bryant, Jr., PhD, PE, SHRP 2 Senior Program Officer, Renewal
This research report documents the state of the practice of preservation treatment on asphalt
and concrete pavements. Although the focus of the project was on treatments suitable for
application on high-volume roadways, this report also discusses current practices for low-
volume roadways. The information presented is derived from a detailed survey of trans-
portation agencies and a review of national and international literature. In addition, the
report provides a general framework for how best practices are identified. Finally, general
guidelines were developed on the application of preservation treatments on high-volume
roadways. Presented as a separate document, Guidelines for the Preservation of High-Traffic-
Volume Roadways considers traffic volume, pavement condition, work-zone requirements,
environmental conditions, and expected performance.
For several years, pavement preservation has been an important strategy to extend the life
of roadways. As transportation agencies grapple with decreased capital budgets, pavement
preservation will continue to be an important strategy. Relatively small investments for
preservation activities, if properly timed and applied, can significantly increase infrastruc-
ture life. Several transportation agencies apply preservation strategies on lower-volume
roadways; however, the application of these strategies on high-volume roadways has lagged
behind.
The application of preservation strategies to high-traffic-volume roadways presents a
complicated set of challenges. Many of the products and approaches that have been accepted
for use on lower-traffic-volume roadways have not been accepted for use on high-traffic-
volume roadways. Often, the use of a particular product or application has too great an
impact on traffic or has not been successfully applied under high-traffic conditions. The pur-
pose of this report is to provide guidance to more effectively match pavement condition and
related considerations with suitable treatments for high-traffic-volume roadways.
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C O N T E N T S
xi List of Abbreviations
1 Executive Summary
1 Introduction
2 Findings
5 Implementation of Guidelines
5 Conclusions
5 Recommendations
6 C H A P T E R 1 Introduction
6 Background and Problem Statement
7 Research Objectives
7 Research Scope and Approach
7 Overview of Report
9 C H A P T E R 2 Information Gathering and Review
9 Information Gathering
10 Analysis and Summary of Collected Information
33 C H A P T E R 3 Development of Preservation Guidelines
for High-Traffic-Volume Roadways
33 Preliminary Analysis of Treatment Feasibility: Consideration of Existing
Pavement Conditions
42 Final Analysis of Treatment Feasibility: Consideration of Project Needs
and Constraints
71 Selection of the Preferred Preservation Treatment
79 C H A P T E R 4 Implementation of Preservation Guidelines
79 Barriers to Implementation
80 Keys to Implementation
82 C H A P T E R 5 Conclusions and Recommendations
82 Conclusions
84 Recommendations
85 References
88 Glossary
93 Appendix A. Annotated Bibliography
106 Appendix B. Preservation Questionnaire Survey Form
126 Appendix C. Summary of Preservation Questionnaire Responses
174 Appendix D. Other Pavement Preservation Treatments
Online version of this report: www.trb.org/Main/Blurbs/165280.aspx.
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L I S T O F A B B R E V I A T I O N S
AADT average annual daily traffic
AADTT average annual daily truck traffic
AAPT Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists
AAR alkali-aggregate reaction
AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
AC asphalt concrete
ACPA American Concrete Pavement Association
ADT average daily traffic
AI Asphalt Institute
AP analysis period
ARRA Asphalt Recycling and Reclaiming Association
ARRB Australian Road Research Board
ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers
ASR alkali-silica reaction
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
BCR benefit-cost ratio
B/C benefit-to-cost
CFLHD Central Federal Lands Highway Division
CIR cold in-place recycling
CP Tech Center National Concrete Pavement Technology Center
CPPC California Pavement Preservation Center
DBR dowel bar retrofit
DOT department of transportation
EAC equivalent annual cost
ESAL equivalent single-axle load
FHWA Federal Highway Administration
FI freezing index
FP2 Foundation for Pavement Preservation
FWD falling weight deflectometer
HIR hot in-place recycling
HMA hot-mix asphalt
HMAOL hot-mix asphalt overlay
HS high severity
IC initial construction
IGGA International Grooving and Grinding Association
IPRF Innovative Pavement Research Foundation
IRF International Road Federation
IRI international roughness index
ISO International Organization for Standardization
ISSA International Slurry Surfacing Association
LCCA life-cycle cost analysis
xi
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xii
LCPC Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées (French public works
research laboratory)
LS low severity
LTPP long-term pavement performance
LTR load transfer restoration
M&R maintenance and rehabilitation
MOT ministry of transportation
MS medium severity
NACE National Association of County Engineers
NAPA National Asphalt Pavement Association
NCAT National Center for Asphalt Technology
NCHRP National Cooperative Highway Research Program
NCPP National Center for Pavement Preservation
NHI National Highway Institute
NHS National Highway System
NPV net present value
NTIS National Technical Information Service
NTL National Transportation Library
OGFC open-graded friction course
PCA Portland Cement Association
PCC portland cement concrete
PCCOL portland cement concrete overlay
PCI pavement condition index
PCR pavement condition rating
PIARC World Road Association (formerly Permanent International
Association of Road Congresses)
PM preventive maintenance
PMAC polymer-modified asphalt concrete
PMS pavement management system
PSI present serviceability index
PSR present serviceability rating
PT preservation treatment
QC/QA quality control/quality assurance
RSL remaining service life
SHA state highway agency
SMA stone matrix asphalt
SPS Specific Pavement Study
SV salvage value
TAC Transportation Association of Canada
TI traffic index
tpd trucks per day
UTW ultra-thin whitetopping
UV ultraviolet
VOC vehicle operating cost
vpd vehicles per day
