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Suggested Citation:"Appendixes." Institute of Medicine. 1990. Nutrition During Pregnancy: Part I: Weight Gain, Part II: Nutrient Supplements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1451.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendixes." Institute of Medicine. 1990. Nutrition During Pregnancy: Part I: Weight Gain, Part II: Nutrient Supplements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1451.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendixes." Institute of Medicine. 1990. Nutrition During Pregnancy: Part I: Weight Gain, Part II: Nutrient Supplements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1451.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendixes." Institute of Medicine. 1990. Nutrition During Pregnancy: Part I: Weight Gain, Part II: Nutrient Supplements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1451.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendixes." Institute of Medicine. 1990. Nutrition During Pregnancy: Part I: Weight Gain, Part II: Nutrient Supplements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1451.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendixes." Institute of Medicine. 1990. Nutrition During Pregnancy: Part I: Weight Gain, Part II: Nutrient Supplements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1451.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendixes." Institute of Medicine. 1990. Nutrition During Pregnancy: Part I: Weight Gain, Part II: Nutrient Supplements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1451.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendixes." Institute of Medicine. 1990. Nutrition During Pregnancy: Part I: Weight Gain, Part II: Nutrient Supplements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1451.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendixes." Institute of Medicine. 1990. Nutrition During Pregnancy: Part I: Weight Gain, Part II: Nutrient Supplements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1451.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendixes." Institute of Medicine. 1990. Nutrition During Pregnancy: Part I: Weight Gain, Part II: Nutrient Supplements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1451.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendixes." Institute of Medicine. 1990. Nutrition During Pregnancy: Part I: Weight Gain, Part II: Nutrient Supplements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1451.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendixes." Institute of Medicine. 1990. Nutrition During Pregnancy: Part I: Weight Gain, Part II: Nutrient Supplements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1451.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendixes." Institute of Medicine. 1990. Nutrition During Pregnancy: Part I: Weight Gain, Part II: Nutrient Supplements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1451.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendixes." Institute of Medicine. 1990. Nutrition During Pregnancy: Part I: Weight Gain, Part II: Nutrient Supplements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1451.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendixes." Institute of Medicine. 1990. Nutrition During Pregnancy: Part I: Weight Gain, Part II: Nutrient Supplements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1451.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendixes." Institute of Medicine. 1990. Nutrition During Pregnancy: Part I: Weight Gain, Part II: Nutrient Supplements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1451.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendixes." Institute of Medicine. 1990. Nutrition During Pregnancy: Part I: Weight Gain, Part II: Nutrient Supplements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1451.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendixes." Institute of Medicine. 1990. Nutrition During Pregnancy: Part I: Weight Gain, Part II: Nutrient Supplements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1451.
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APPENDIXES 421

Appendix A Considerations in Constructing Gestational Weight Gain Charts Gestational weight gain charts have been used in clinical practice for many years. In Chapter 4, the subcommittee reviews the characteristics of some of the wide variety of charts currently in use in the United States. The lack of standardization across charts is due primarily to the lack of appropriate data on which to base the weight gain curves used in these charts. In this appendix, the subcommittee outlines research and development issues it believes should be considered in the construction of gestational weight gain charts. RECOMMENDED CHARACTERISTICS OF GESTATIONAL WEIGHT GAIN CHARTS The subcommittee recommends that a new gestational weight gain chart be developed with the following characteristics and supporting mate- rials: 1. Gestational age, i.e., weeks from last normal menstrual period, on the horizontal axis, and achieved weight, i.e., total body weight in kilograms or pounds, on the vertical axis. There should be some provision for adjusting the gestational age scale for any early-second-trimester ultrasound assessment suggesting that previous estimates of gestational age might be in error. The weight scale (vertical axis) should include both metric and American units. The vertical axis on the weight gain chart should be 423

424 APPENDIX A calibrated for the woman's weight at the initial prenatal visit by entering prepregnancy weight at zero weeks of gestation and then adding a specified increment to the prepregnancy weight at each tick mark similar to the approach used by Dimperio (1988) and shown in Figure ~5, Chapter 4. 2. Different charts for different classifications of prepregnancy weight for height, i.e., underweight, moderate weight, overweight, and obese, and possibly for short women, similar to that shown in Figure 4-4, Chapter 4. 3. A normative or average curve to represent the pattern of weight gain by week of gestation for each classification of prepregnancy weight for height. 4. Lines drawn to show upper and lower limits around the aver- age curve, similar to those shown in Figure 4-4, Chapter 4. These limits should be based on epidemiologic evidence. They could be percentiles or standard deviations of the observed representative (normative) popula- tion. Alternatively, they could be cutoff values established by comparison of two overlapping distributions: a distribution of maternal weight at any gestational age for healthy women with good outcomes and a comparable distribution of maternal weight for the abnormal population, i.e., the pop- ulation with unfavorable pregnancy outcomes. A method for determining these cutoff values is presented below. The general methodology originally developed for application to postnatal child growth curves has been de- scribed by Galen and Gambino (1975) and by Haas and Habicht (1990~. A chart incorporating cutoff values would allow estimation of the probability that a woman would have a poor pregnancy outcome given her weight gain to a specific week of pregnancy. However, it would not be useful in the evaluation of a woman's rate of weight gain measured over repeated prenatal visits. 5. Criteria for evaluating the rate of weight gain and pattems of gain, either as a part of the chart itself or in accompanying instructions. ~ a certain degree, the curve of average gain in the normative population provides guidance to the practitioner. Data-based guidelines for normal rates (kilograms or pounds per week) and acceptable upper and lower limits should be developed so that the subcommittee's recommendation of a linear gain during the second and third trimesters (Chapter 1) can be validated. Such guidelines should be established in the same way as the upper and lower limits of achieved weight, i.e., as either statistical measures of the normative population or as empirically derived cutoff values to discriminate favorable from unfavorable outcomes. The criteria may best be presented as a table of acceptable rates of gain to accompany the gestational weight gain chart. One alternative would be to' include three different slopes or inclinations representing excessive (steep slope), desirable, or inadequate (shallow or negative slope) rates of weight gain. The slopes of the three curves may need to be changed for different trimesters of pregnancy if

APPENDIX A 425 research shows different desirable or normative rates for different stages of pregnancy. 6. Clear, consistent criteria based on adequate research for assessing prepregnancy weight status as part of the chart or supporting documen- tation. These should include the appropriate way to express prepregnancy weight (i.e., a body mass index or as a percentage of desirable body weight), the appropriate reference standard to use, whether or not frame size should be considered, and cutoff values to apply to the reference standard. The re- search needed to establish the prepregnancy weight-for-height classification scheme ideally should focus on establishing cutoff values for underweight and overweight women based on data regarding unfavorable and favorable pregnancy outcomes (as well as other short-term and long-term maternal health risks such as postpartum obesity) for women with different weights for height. 7. Easy to use, i.e., requiring only a few simple measurements, and including indices that are easy to calculate or determine from tables or nomograms, as well as an unambiguous classification scheme. These and other design issues should be based on adequate research, much of which has not yet been undertaken. The instrument needs to be validated and evaluated in clinical settings. Consideration should be given not only to its diagnostic capabilities but also to the training effort needed, intra- and interobserver reliability of the measurements, acceptability to the clinic staff, utility as an instructional tool for the patient, and, if relevant, usefulness as a data collection instrument for research or surveillance. RESEARCH NEEDS To develop a chart with most of the characteristics described above, new research will be needed, specifically, large-scale studies to establish normative or desirable values for prepregnancy weight for height and incremental and total weight gain patterns. The sample sizes should be large enough to establish precise values for weight gain at the extremes (5th and 95th percentiles). The limits of the range of normative or desirable gestational weight gain should be established by examining the distribution of prepregnancy weight for height in relation to gestational weight gain among women with good as compared to poor pregnancy outcomes. 1b establish an optimal or ideal range of prepregnancy weight and gestational weight gain, one needs to sample a population that experiences both desirable and undesirable pregnancy outcomes. Most of the current reference curves for gestational weight gain are based on data for women who had favorable outcomes, i.e., healthy, full-term infants with normal birth weights. As Figure A-1 shows, these women represent a subset (sub- population B) of the total gestational weight gain distribution for the general

426 - o o- >` A: a) a' LL APPENDIX A A Women Delivering Babies Weighing < 2,500 9 B Women Delivering Babies Weighing 2,500 to 4,000 9 C Women Delivering Babies Weighing > 4,000 9 High Low A \ - 1 ~ Low High Total Gestational Weight Gain FIGURE A-1 Hypothetical distributions of gestational weight gain in three subpopulations of women. population. There are women at the extremes of the gestational weight gain distribution who have less favorable outcomes, such as intrauterine growth retardation (subpopulation A) or fetal macrosomia (subpopulation C). Similar subpopulations are likely to exist for other maternal measures (horizontal axis), such as prepregnancy weight, accumulated weight gain to a specific stage of pregnancy, or rate of weight gain during specific trimesters of pregnancy. Moreover, the distribution of gestational weight gain in the three subpopulations representing the range of fetal growth is likely to be different for women with different prepregnancy weights. One could also subdivide the distribution of gestational weight gain in Figure A-1 to represent other outcomes. For example, subpopulation A could be women who deliver preterm infants, and population C could be women who retain the fat accumulated during pregnancy and are thus at risk of later obesity. (In this case, the distribution of gestational weight gain for subpopulations A and C would likely overlap.) Subpopulation B could be women who deliver full-term infants and do not retain pregnancy-acquired adipose tissue after delivery. The Society of Actuaries (1959, 1960; Society of Actuaries/Association of Life Insurance Medical Directors of America, 1980) applied this scheme to obtain the 1959 and 1983 Metropolitan Life Insurance Company's tables of ideal body weight. To distinguish the subgroups, it used mortality data during a specified period following the measurement of weight. It examined the distributions of body weight for those who died and for those who survived during the period of observation: subpopulation B would represent the weights of those who survived. Since the Metropolitan Life

APPENDIX A 427 Insurance Company's ranges are based on postreproductive mortality and not pregnancy outcomes, they may be inappropriate for classifying mothers by prepregnancy weight for height. A better criterion for establishing the desirable range of prepreg- nancy weights in gestational weight gain charts might be the risk of poor pregnancy outcomes, such as extremes in fetal growth, risk of obstetric complications, or development of postpartum obesity. However, an anal- ysis that considers prepregnancy weight in identifying an optimal range for gestational weight gain requires application of sophisticated statistical methods, because prepregnancy weight plays two roles in the causal chain leading to some outcomes: it has an independent effect on fetal growth, and it modifies the effect of gestational weight gain on fetal growth (Figure 2-2, Chapter 2~. The degree of overlap among the three distributions illustrated in Figure A-1 is relatively easy to analyze, if it is not necessary to assume complex relationships of prepregnancy weight and gestational weight gain to outcomes. Such an analysis can yield important information on the ap- propriate cutoff values for gestational weight gain or prepregnancy weight. These values can then be used as the upper and lower limits of the gesta- tional weight gain charts or for classification of underweight and overweight prior to pregnancy. The analytic methods were described in detail by Galen and Gambino (1975) and elaborated by Habicht et al. (1982), Swets and Pickett (1982), and Swets (1988~. An analysis of this type could be applied to incremental gestational weight gain data as well. Results of analysis of gestational weight gain rates could lead to recommendations for optimal rates at different stages of pregnancy. 1b be useful to the clinician, the status or course of a patient's weight gain must be assessed accurately early enough in the pregnancy to allow for intervention. The determination of desirable total weight gain is useful in that it provides the end point through which a gestational weight gain curve should pass. However, the pattern of gain by trimester of pregnancy and the rate of gain between prenatal visits are more informative to the clinician. Therefore, future research should be longitudinal, allowing for frequent (at least monthly) measurements of weight beginning as early as possible in gestation and continuing throughout pregnancy. This type of research could yield essential information on the variation in rates of weight gain but would require a large sample size to evaluate effectively the relationship of these rates to the occurrence of relatively infrequent outcomes such as preterm delivery, intrauterine growth retardation, macrosomia, or perinatal death. Data on normative rates of weight gain throughout pregnancy would allow for the construction of improved incremental weight gain charts and

428 APPENDIX A also of weight gain velocity charts, which display gestational duration on the horizontal axis and rate of gain on the vertical awns. Weight gain velocity graphs are powerful research tools but are infrequently used by clinicians to study postnatal growth of children Inner, 1986~. There are no weight velocity curves for monitoring pregnancy in healthy adult women, but some have been developed for the assessment of pregnancies in teenagers (Hediger et al., 1989~. The research proposed here would provide the basic information needed to construct clinically useful gestational weight gain charts. Re- search should also be encouraged in the development of simplified assess- ment tools, such as those described by Rosso (1985) (Chapter 4, Figure 4-8), but the assumptions on which they are based need to be scrutinized and the instruments properly validated. REFERENCES Dimperio, D. 1988. Prenatal Nutrition: Clinical Guidelines for Nurses. March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation, White Plains, N.Y. 134 pp. Galen, R.S., and S.R. Gambino. 1975. Beyond Normality: The Predictive Value and Efficiency of Medical Diagnoses. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 237 pp. Haas, J.D., and J.P. Habicht. 1990. Growth and growth charts in the assessment of preschool nutritional status. Pp. 160-183 in G.A. Harrison and J.C. Waterlow, eds. Diet and Disease in Traditional and Developing Societies. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Habicht, J.P., LD. Meyers, and C. Brownie. 1982. Indicators for identifying and counting the improperly nourished. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 35:1241-1254. Hediger, M.L., TO. Scholl, D.H. Belsky, I.G. Ances, and R.W. Salmon. 1989. Patterns of weight gain in adolescent pregnancy: effects on birth weight and preterm delivery. Obstet. Gynecol. 74:6-12. Rosso, P. 1985. A new chart to monitor weight gain during pregnancy. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 41:644-652. Society of Actuaries. 1959. Build and Blood Pressure Study 1959, Vol. I. Society of Actuaries, Chicago. 268 pp. Society of Actuaries. 1960. Build and Blood Pressure Study 1959, Vol. II. Society of Actuaries, Chicago. 240 pp. Society of Actuaries/Association of Life Insurance Medical Directors of America. 1980. Build Study 1979. Society of Actuaries/Association of Life Insurance Medical Directors of America, Chicago. 255 pp. Swets, J.A. 1988. Measuring the accuracy of diagnostic systems. Science 240:1285-1293. Swets, J.N, and R.M. Pickett. 1982. Evaluation of Diagnostic Systems: Methods from Signal Detection Theory. Academic Press, New York. 253 pp. Tanner, J.M. 1986. Use and abuse of growth standards. Pp. 95-109 in F. Falkner and J.M. Tanner, eds. Human Growth: A Comprehensive Treatise, 2nd ea., Vol. 3. Methodology Ecological, Genetic, and Nutritional Effects on Growth. Plenum Press, New York.

Spends B Pro~siona1 Debt Gain Embark by Preprognan~ Body Hass Index (BRIG 429

430 APPENDIX B A. For Normal Weight Women with BMI of 19.8 to 26.0 (Metric~a 50 40 30 ._ 20 10 o 1 st 2nd 3rd l l TARGET: 15.5 TO 16 kg (25 to 35 lb) at 40 wks with a gain of 0.4 kg (1 lb) / wk during trimester 2 and 3. _ / 10 / - / _ / ·1--~--1 1 1 1 1 1 ~1 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Week of Gestation 20 15 5 by ._ Cal CD aAssumes a 1.6-kg (3.5-lb) gain in first trimester and the remaining gain at a rate of 0.44 kg (0.97 lb) per week. bAssumes a 2.3-kg (5-lb) gain in first trimester and the remaining gain at a rate of 0.49 kg (1.07 lb) per week. CAssumes a O.9-kg (2-lb) gain in first trimester and the remaining gain at a rate of 0.3 kg (0.67 lb) per week.

APPENDIX B 431 B. For Underweight Women with BMI Less Than 19.8 (Metric~b 50 40 - 30 ._ cry 20 10 o 1 st 2nd 3rd ' ' ' ' 1 TARGET: 12.5 to 18 kg (28 to 40 lb) at 40 wks with a gain of 0.5 kg ( 1 lb) / wk during trimester 2 and 3. / · - · - .1. ~I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Week of Gestation / C. For Overweight Women with BMI of >26.0 to 29.0 (Metric)C 50 40 30 ._ ~ 20 1 st 2nd 3rd TARGET: 7 to 11.5 kg (15 to 25 lb) at 40 wks with a gain of 0.3 kg (0.5 to 0.75 lb) / wk during trimester 2 and 3. / 10 O .... / / , . . . . . 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Week of Gestation 20 15 Y - ._ cry 10 5 20 15 Y ._ c: 10 3: 5

Appendix CTable for Estimating Body Mass Index (Metricya by Using Either Metric or English Measurements of Prepregnangy Weight and Height; BMIs < 19.8 = low; BMIs 26.1 - 29.0 = high; BMIs > 29.0 = obesity (see shaded area above heavy line). (Bible follows on pages 434 and 435.) 433

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Appendix D Biographical Sketches of Committee Members Barbara Abrams, Dr.P.H., R.D., is assistant professor in the Depart- ments of Social and Administrative Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, and the Department of Obstet- rics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco. She worked as a perinatal nutritionist for more than a decade and has conducted several epidemiologic studies on maternal weight gain, nutrition, and pregnancy outcome. Lindsay Allen, Ph.D., is professor in the Department of Nutritional Sciences at the University of Connecticut, Storrs. She has conducted research on relationships between nutrition and the outcome of human pregnancy and lactation in the United States as well as in other countries. In recent years, her special interest has been the effect of marginal malnutrition on the function of women and children in Mexico. Gertrud S. Berkowitz, Ph.D., is perinatal epidemiologist and associate professor in the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Science and the Department of Community Medicine at Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York. She has conducted various research studies on preterm delivery and intrauterine growth retardation and has written about the role of environmental and occupational hazards during pregnancy. Nancy F. Butte, Ph.D., is assistant professor of pediatrics at Baylor College of Medicine. She has conducted research on infant nutrition, lactation, and energy metabolism. 437

438 APPENDIX D Ronald A. Chez, M.D., is professor of obstetrics and gynecology at the University of South Florida School of Medicine in Tampa. He previously held positions as chief of the Pregnancy Research Branch and clinical director of the National Institute of Child and Human Development as well as chair of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Pennsylvania State University. His research has focused on aspects of fetal physiology, including the exchange of substrates across the placenta. Peter R. Dallman, M.D., is professor of pediatrics at the University of California, San Francisco. His research deals with the manifestations, diagnosis, and prevalence of iron deficiency. He has served on national and international committees and panels to establish iron requirements and to devise strategies for preventing iron deficiency. lere D. Haas, Ph.D., is professor of nutritional sciences at Cornell University. He has conducted research on the maternal, fetal, and infant responses to stresses at extreme high altitudes as well as on relationships between maternal nutritional status and fetal growth, postnatal growth, and postnatal development and morbidity in Bolivia, Peru, Guatemala, Indonesia, and the United States. Michael Hambidge, M.D., Sc.D., is professor of pediatrics at the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center. He is also director of both the Center for Human Nutrition and the Pediatric Clinic Research Center in the School of Medicine at the university. His major interest is human nutrition, including research, training, education. and improving nutrition practices in the community. --a ~~-~ --I- ~ Margit Hamosh, Ph.D., is professor in the Department of Pediatrics and chief of the department's Division of Developmental Biology and Nutri- tion at Georgetown University Medical Center. She has conducted research on lung development and on fat digestion and absorption, emphasizing the ontogeny of digestive enzymes and compensatory digestive function in pan- creatic insufficiency, lipid clearance, the composition of human milk and the function of its components in the neonate. Dr. Hamosh has served on several committees of the National Institutes of Health and is president of the International Society of Research on Human Milk and Lactation. Francis E. Johnston, Ph.D., is professor and chairman of the De- partment of Anthropology of the University of Pennsylvania. His research focuses on the growth, development, and body composition of children and youth, especially in relationship to nutritional status. la net C. King, Ph.D., is professor of nutrition and chair of the De- partment of Nutritional Sciences at the University of California, Berkeley. She has conducted research on nutritional needs during pregnancy and

APPENDIX D 439 has published on the protein, energy, and zinc requirements of pregnant women. She has served on many national committees involved in estab- lishing policies relating to prenatal care. Avanelle Kirksey, Ph.D., is Meredith Distinguished Professor of Nutri- tion at Purdue University. She has published widely in the area of vitamin B6 in pregnancy and lactation. She has been a collaborator in maternal and infant nutrition research in Egypt and presently serves as facilitator for Midwest Universities Consortium for International Activities for graduate nutrition programs in Indonesia. Joel C. Kleinman, Ph.D., is director of the Division of Analysis, National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control. He has published extensively on statistical and epidemiologic issues related to low birth weight and infant mortality. He has been a member of the U.S. Public Health Service Work Group on Maternal and Infant Health Objectives for the Year 2000 and the Subcommittee on Infant Mortality and Low Birth Weight of the Department of Health and Human Services Secretary's Task Force on Minority Health. Michael S. Kramer, M.D., is professor of pediatrics and of epidemi- ology and biostatistics at the McGill University Faculty of Medicine in Montreal. He has been a career research scholar of the National Health Research and Development Program, Health and Welfare Canada, and is currently a senior career investigator of the Fonds de la Recherche en Sante du Quebec. His primary research interests are the determinants and consequences of preterm birth and intrauterine growth retardation and the diagnostic and therapeutic management of the young febrile child. Sally Ann Lederman, Ph.D., is assistant professor of public health and nutrition at Columbia University's Faculty of Medicine. In animals, she has studied the effect of dietary changes on pregnancy outcome and lactation performance, focusing on changes in maternal body composition. In humans, she has studied the relationship of birth weight to maternal body weight and pregnancy weight changes in teenage mothers and in mothers bearing twins. She has also studied demographic factors influencing low birth weight in New York City and psychosocial predictors of pregnancy outcome in several ethnic groups and of lactation success among poor women in Brazil. Charles S. Mahan, M.D., is deputy secretary for health and state health officer for Florida, director of the Robert Wood Johnson Healthy Futures Program, and professor of obstetrics and gynecology at the Univer- sity of Florida College of Medicine. His special interests have been preterm

440 APPENDIX D birth prevention, food supplementation in pregnancy, family-centered ma- ternity care, prevention of unnecessary cesarean deliveries, infant mortality, improved care for low-income women, and out-of-hospital birth centers. Jennifer Niebyl, M.D., is professor and head of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the University of Iowa, Iowa City. Earlier in her career, she was director of the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine in the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics at the Johns Hopkins University. Her major research interest is the use of medications during pregnancy. Roy M. Pitkin, M.D., is professor and chair of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the University of California, Los Angeles. Before assuming this post in 1987, he was professor and head of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the University of Iowa, Ames. He previously chaired the Committee on Nutrition of the Mother and Preschool Child of the Food and Nutrition Board, National Academy of Sciences. Kathleen M. Rasmussen, Sc.D., R.D., is associate professor of nutri- tion at Cornell University and program director of a National Institutes of Health training grant in maternal and child nutrition. Her research has fo- cused on the effects of maternal malnutrition on reproductive performance, with an emphasis on lactation. John W. Sparks, M.D., is associate professor in the Department of Pediatrics at the University of Colorado. A neonatologist, he has served as director of Newborn Services and medical director of the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit at University Hospital, Denver. Scientific interests include the physiology, metabolism, and nutrition of the fetus and newborn. Melton Susser, M.B., B.Ch., D.P.H., is Sergievsky Professor of Epi- demiology and founder and director of the Sergievsly Center at Columbia University in New York The Center is endowed for the study of the epidemiology of neurodevelopmental disorders. He has also been head of epidemiology in the Columbia University School of Public Health. His work covers several specific fields, including prenatal development and prenatal nutrition, as well as such general topics as causality and the social sciences in epidemiology.

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Nutrition During Pregnancy: Part I: Weight Gain, Part II: Nutrient Supplements Get This Book
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In Part I of Nutrition During Pregnancy, the authors call for revisions in recommended weight gains for pregnant women. They explore relationships between weight gain during pregnancy and a variety of factors (e.g., the mother's weight for height before pregnancy) and places this in the context of the health of the infant and the mother. They present specific target ranges for weight gain during pregnancy and guidelines for proper measurement.

Part II addresses vitamin and mineral supplementation during pregnancy, examining the adequacy of diet in meeting nutrient needs during pregnancy and recommending specific amounts of supplements for special circumstances. It also covers the effects of caffeine, alcohol, cigarette, marijuana, and cocaine use and presents specific research recommendations.

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