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OCR for page 74
74
CHAPTER 5
Increased Use of Aircraft De/Anti-Icing
Fluid Dilutions
Introduction fluid mixes from remote blending systems with large storage
capabilities. Broad application of such systems to dispense
This part of the report documents the task that examined the Type I fluid at the approved 10°C fluid freeze point buffer
use of aircraft de/anti-icing fluid dilutions. reduces the amount of glycol dispensed in Type I operations.
Background Industry Use of Type II, III, and IV Fluids Mixes
Industry Use of 10°C Type I Fluid Buffer Type II, III, and IV anti-icing fluids are available at fluid con-
SAE ARP 4737 states that Type I fluids used for either one- centrations of 100/0, 75/25, and 50/50. Fluid holdover times
step de/anti-icing or as the anti-icing fluid in a two-step oper- are derived from endurance time test results measured using
ation must have a FFP at least 10°C (18°F) below the ambient fluid mixed to these concentrations. Some 75/25 fluid concen-
temperature. Type I fluid holdover times are measured using trations have published holdover times similar to 100/0 fluids.
fluids mixed with water to this FFP. In the past, the general Also, most 50/50 anti-icing fluids have holdover times in excess
industry practice when de/anti-icing with Type I fluid had of Type I fluids. Despite the opportunity to employ lower
been to apply Type I fluid at the standard, as-delivered fluid concentrations of Type II, III, and IV fluids, anti-icing opera-
concentration, typically a 50/50 (50% water/50% glycol) or a tions in North America use 100/0 Type IV fluid concentrations
55/45 mix. Other specific mixes such as 60/40 are available almost exclusively. As a result, there is considerable opportu-
from fluid manufacturers. These special mixes are selected to nity to reduce the amount of glycol dispensed by applying these
provide optimum FFP performance at colder temperatures fluids at lower, already approved concentrations.
and are usually based upon prior climatic records of prevail-
ing OATs at a given airport. Although Type I fluid mixes are Objective
required to have only a 10°C buffer, the Type I fluid 50/50
mixes typically have FFP well below the required 10°C buffer The objective of this task was to examine current practices
for most prevailing temperatures during aircraft deicing oper- and regulations related to the increased use of fluid dilutions
ations. This practice results in dispensing much more glycol and to document the opportunities, limitations, obstacles, and
content than is necessary, and could lead to unnecessary oper- potential benefits associated with their use.
ational costs and increased stress on the environment. Cur- The objective was met by completing the following work
rently, this trend is being reversed and many airlines that elements:
perform their own deicing and many deicing service providers
(DSPs) have converted to the use of deicing equipment with · Conduct a literature review of current government and
proportional blending capabilities. industry regulations, guidance material, and standards to
In the recent past, deicer manufacturers have incorporated document current industry regulations and practices related
fluid blending systems into their deicing units that blend Type to the use of fluid dilutions;
I fluid with water. In addition, at major hubs where a signifi- · Conduct phone interviews with DSPs and airlines;
cant number of de/anti-icing operations are carried out annu- · Conduct a survey to gather pertinent information from a
ally, such as Pittsburgh and Denver, the trend has been to wider audience, including airlines, DSPs, deicing consult-
install pedestal mounted deicing equipment that are supplied ants, deicing instruction facilities, and regulators;
