National Academies Press: OpenBook
Page i
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Optimizing the Use of Aircraft Deicing and Anti-Icing Fluids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14517.
×
Page R1
Page ii
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Optimizing the Use of Aircraft Deicing and Anti-Icing Fluids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14517.
×
Page R2
Page iii
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Optimizing the Use of Aircraft Deicing and Anti-Icing Fluids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14517.
×
Page R3
Page iv
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Optimizing the Use of Aircraft Deicing and Anti-Icing Fluids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14517.
×
Page R4
Page v
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Optimizing the Use of Aircraft Deicing and Anti-Icing Fluids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14517.
×
Page R5
Page vi
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Optimizing the Use of Aircraft Deicing and Anti-Icing Fluids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14517.
×
Page R6
Page vii
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Optimizing the Use of Aircraft Deicing and Anti-Icing Fluids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14517.
×
Page R7
Page viii
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Optimizing the Use of Aircraft Deicing and Anti-Icing Fluids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14517.
×
Page R8
Page ix
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Optimizing the Use of Aircraft Deicing and Anti-Icing Fluids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14517.
×
Page R9

Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

TRANSPORTAT ION RESEARCH BOARD WASHINGTON, D.C. 2011 www.TRB.org A I R P O R T C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M ACRP REPORT 45 Research sponsored by the Federal Aviation Administration Subscriber Categories Aviation • Maintenance and Preservation • Environment • Operations and Traffic Management Optimizing the Use of Aircraft Deicing and Anti-Icing Fluids John D’Avirro Michael Chaput APS AVIATION INC. Montreal, QC

AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM Airports are vital national resources. They serve a key role in trans- portation of people and goods and in regional, national, and inter- national commerce. They are where the nation’s aviation system connects with other modes of transportation and where federal respon- sibility for managing and regulating air traffic operations intersects with the role of state and local governments that own and operate most airports. Research is necessary to solve common operating problems, to adapt appropriate new technologies from other industries, and to introduce innovations into the airport industry. The Airport Coopera- tive Research Program (ACRP) serves as one of the principal means by which the airport industry can develop innovative near-term solutions to meet demands placed on it. The need for ACRP was identified in TRB Special Report 272: Airport Research Needs: Cooperative Solutions in 2003, based on a study spon- sored by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). The ACRP carries out applied research on problems that are shared by airport operating agencies and are not being adequately addressed by existing federal research programs. It is modeled after the successful National Coopera- tive Highway Research Program and Transit Cooperative Research Pro- gram. The ACRP undertakes research and other technical activities in a variety of airport subject areas, including design, construction, mainte- nance, operations, safety, security, policy, planning, human resources, and administration. The ACRP provides a forum where airport opera- tors can cooperatively address common operational problems. The ACRP was authorized in December 2003 as part of the Vision 100-Century of Aviation Reauthorization Act. The primary partici- pants in the ACRP are (1) an independent governing board, the ACRP Oversight Committee (AOC), appointed by the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Transportation with representation from airport oper- ating agencies, other stakeholders, and relevant industry organizations such as the Airports Council International-North America (ACI-NA), the American Association of Airport Executives (AAAE), the National Association of State Aviation Officials (NASAO), and the Air Transport Association (ATA) as vital links to the airport community; (2) the TRB as program manager and secretariat for the governing board; and (3) the FAA as program sponsor. In October 2005, the FAA executed a contract with the National Academies formally initiating the program. The ACRP benefits from the cooperation and participation of airport professionals, air carriers, shippers, state and local government officials, equipment and service suppliers, other airport users, and research orga- nizations. Each of these participants has different interests and respon- sibilities, and each is an integral part of this cooperative research effort. Research problem statements for the ACRP are solicited periodically but may be submitted to the TRB by anyone at any time. It is the responsibility of the AOC to formulate the research program by iden- tifying the highest priority projects and defining funding levels and expected products. Once selected, each ACRP project is assigned to an expert panel, appointed by the TRB. Panels include experienced practitioners and research specialists; heavy emphasis is placed on including airport pro- fessionals, the intended users of the research products. The panels pre- pare project statements (requests for proposals), select contractors, and provide technical guidance and counsel throughout the life of the project. The process for developing research problem statements and selecting research agencies has been used by TRB in managing cooper- ative research programs since 1962. As in other TRB activities, ACRP project panels serve voluntarily without compensation. Primary emphasis is placed on disseminating ACRP results to the intended end-users of the research: airport operating agencies, service providers, and suppliers. The ACRP produces a series of research reports for use by airport operators, local agencies, the FAA, and other interested parties, and industry associations may arrange for work- shops, training aids, field visits, and other activities to ensure that results are implemented by airport-industry practitioners. ACRP REPORT 45 Project 10-01 ISSN 1935-9802 ISBN 978-0-309-15551-9 Library of Congress Control Number 2011924371 © 2011 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. COPYRIGHT INFORMATION Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB or FAA endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from CRP. NOTICE The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the Airport Cooperative Research Program, conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the approval of the Governing Board of the National Research Council. The members of the technical panel selected to monitor this project and to review this report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance. The report was reviewed by the technical panel and accepted for publication according to procedures established and overseen by the Transportation Research Board and approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council. The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the researchers who performed the research and are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board, the National Research Council, or the program sponsors. The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, the National Research Council, and the sponsors of the Airport Cooperative Research Program do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the object of the report. Published reports of the AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM are available from: Transportation Research Board Business Office 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 and can be ordered through the Internet at http://www.national-academies.org/trb/bookstore Printed in the United States of America

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. On the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, on its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council. The Transportation Research Board is one of six major divisions of the National Research Council. The mission of the Transporta- tion Research Board is to provide leadership in transportation innovation and progress through research and information exchange, conducted within a setting that is objective, interdisciplinary, and multimodal. The Board’s varied activities annually engage about 7,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is supported by state transportation departments, federal agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individu- als interested in the development of transportation. www.TRB.org www.national-academies.org

CRP STAFF FOR ACRP REPORT 45 Christopher W. Jenks, Director, Cooperative Research Programs Crawford F. Jencks, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs Michael R. Salamone, ACRP Manager Edward T. Harrigan, Senior Program Officer Melanie Adcock, Senior Program Assistant Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications Margaret B. Hagood, Editor ACRP PROJECT 10-01 PANEL Field of Operations Jorge E. Panteli, McFarland-Johnson, Inc., Concord, NH (Chair) Janell Barrilleaux, Federal Aviation Administration, Renton, WA John A. Lengel, Jr., Gresham, Smith and Partners, Columbus, OH Danuta Leszczynska, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS Alec J. Simpson, Transport Canada, Ottawa, ON Bryan C. Wagoner, Wayne County (MI) Airport Authority, Detroit, MI George Legarreta, FAA Liaison Richard Marchi, Airports Council International–North America Liaison Christine Gerencher, TRB Liaison C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M S

ACRP Report 45: Optimizing the Use of Aircraft Deicing and Anti-Icing Fluids provides practical technical guidance on procedures and technologies to reduce the use of aircraft deicing and anti-icing fluids (ADAF) while maintaining safe aircraft operations across the wide range of winter weather conditions found in the United States and Canada. This guid- ance is presented as (1) a series of best management practices that are immediately imple- mentable and (2) the detailed findings and recommendations of experiments to evaluate holdover time determination systems, spot deicing for aircraft frost removal, and ADAF dilutions. The report will be of direct interest to airport and airline staff responsible for air- craft deicing and anti-icing operations and the mitigation of their environmental impacts. Current understanding of the mechanisms of the formation, retention, and removal of ice from critical aircraft surfaces is incomplete, leading to conservative deicing and anti-icing practices that may waste some portion of the ADAF used for this critical function. Further, airports are under regulatory pressure to minimize the quantity of spent ADAF discharged to waterways or sewage treatment plants because the fluids can contribute to aquatic toxicity, excessive chemical and biological oxygen demand, and deterioration of the airport infra- structure. Mitigation of storm water runoff containing ADAF can require the expenditure of sums in excess of $10 million at individual airports. The objective of ACRP Project 10-01 was to identify procedures and technologies that optimize the use of ADAF, thus reducing their environmental impact while assuring safe aircraft operations in conditions requiring deicing and anti-icing. The project was conducted by APS Aviation, Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The project team first reviewed the worldwide literature to identify a wide range of proce- dures and technologies to optimize ADAF use and then conducted a combination of engineer- ing analyses and laboratory and field experiments to measure and validate the effectiveness of the most promising procedures and technologies selected in consultation with the ACRP pro- ject panel. The report is organized into five chapters. Chapter 1 is a concise summary of the research conducted in the project. Chapter 2 presents the key findings of a literature review to iden- tify technologies and procedures that could potentially optimize ADAF use and reduce envi- ronmental impact while maintaining or even enhancing the safety of aircraft operations. In addition, Chapter 2 describes the results of a focus group organized to gain industry insights and feedback on current and future ADAF optimization practices. The focus group looked at 34 potential optimization technologies and procedures, many of which were ultimately deemed to possess technical or operational deficiencies, or to not offer an F O R E W O R D By Edward T. Harrigan Staff Officer Transportation Research Board

adequate environmental or operational enhancement, and were thus eliminated from fur- ther examination with the concurrence of the ACRP project panel. Chapter 3 presents the results of field experiments conducted at four airports in the United States and Canada to examine whether a holdover time (HOT) precipitation sensor at a single location can reliably report precipitation conditions for an entire airport. The experiment was carried out by measuring precipitation intensity simultaneously at several sites at an airport during winter weather events. The experimental results indicate that dif- ferences in between-site HOTs for snow can be significant to the operation, and that they are a function of distance. Specifically, the differences in HOT generated from different sites begins to impact the operation when the sites are separated by mid-range distances (7,000 to 13,500 ft), and have a definite impact at long separation distances (on the order of 28,000 ft). Chapter 4 presents the findings of an investigation into the use of spot deicing for frost removal, which is a procedure that involves deicing small frost-contaminated spots on air- craft wings in lieu of deicing the entire wings. A significant number of operators are not familiar with the spot deicing procedure; training, lack of qualified individuals to make assess- ments, and asymmetrical application are obstacles to its use. As a result of this project, guid- ance material for spot deicing for frost removal will be incorporated into SAE ARP 4737. A cost-benefit model and presentation aids were prepared to assist operators in assessing the benefits of implementing spot deicing for frost removal in their operations and consequen- tially encouraging its use. In Chapter 5, the results of an investigation to assess the use of ADAF dilutions and to ascertain potential savings in the use of glycol for deicing and anti-icing of aircraft are doc- umented. ADAF dilutions are not widely used, although adequate regulations and guide- lines for their use exist. Indeed, their use can be shown to be cost beneficial for many oper- ations. A cost-benefit model and presentation aids were developed to give operators the tools they need to assess whether implementing the use of fluid dilutions would be benefi- cial for their operation. The final part of the report presents 16 Fact Sheets describing promising technologies and procedures from Chapter 2, singly or in combination, in the form of readily implementable best management practices. The Fact Sheets complement those in ACRP Project 02-02, “Managing Runoff From Aircraft and Airfield Deicing and Anti-Icing Operations,” as pre- sented in ACRP Report 14: Deicing Planning Guidelines and Practices for Stormwater Man- agement Systems. Each Fact Sheet includes (1) a description of the technology or procedure; (2) implementation considerations; and (3) cost information. The appendixes from the contractor’s final report, computational tools, and presentation media may be downloaded from the ACRP Project 10-01 webpage at http://apps.trb.org/ cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=122. Note: As part of ACRP Project 02-61, Fact Sheets 45, 55, and 56 were updated and a new one, Fact Sheet 112, was added in September 2016.

C O N T E N T S 1 Chapter 1 Project Summary 1 Phase I: Promising De/Anti-Icing Source Reduction Practices 1 Phase II: Research and Development on Four Selected Topics 1 Fact Sheets for De/Anti-Icing Optimization 1 Holdover Time Variance Across an Airfield 2 Increased Use of Spot Deicing for Aircraft Frost Removal 2 Increased Use of Aircraft De/Anti-Icing Fluid Dilutions 3 Chapter 2 Promising De/Anti-Icing Source Reduction Practices 3 Introduction 3 Objective 3 Organization 4 Research Approach 4 Literature Review and Data Examination 5 Focus Group 5 Survey 6 Findings and Applications 6 Aircraft De/Anti-Icing Optimization Technologies and Procedures 6 Preliminary List of De/Anti-Icing Optimization Technologies and Procedures 7 Elimination of Items with Low Potential for Success 7 Development of Final List of Technologies and Procedures 9 Focus Group Survey Inputs on Final List of Technologies and Procedures 17 Overall Ranking of Optimization Technologies and Procedures 22 Conclusions and Recommendations 22 Conclusions 22 Recommendations for Further Study 23 Recommendations for Phase II 24 Bibliography 28 Chapter 3 Holdover Time Variance Across an Airfield 28 Introduction 28 Preliminary Testing (Winter 2007–08) 28 Additional Testing (Winter 2008–09) 29 Research Approach and Methodologies 29 Test Procedures for Data Collection 29 Focus Airports 29 Test Locations and Remote Test Unit 29 Equipment and Methodology for Precipitation Measurement 30 Sequence of Events 32 Personnel 32 Data Forms

32 Description of Data and Methodology Used to Process 32 Tests Conducted 38 Summary of Test Events 38 Test Data Log 38 Scatter Diagram of Logged Data 41 Data Analysis 44 Findings and Applications 44 Between-Site Differences in HOT 47 Examination of Site Separation Distance 49 Examination of Lake-Effect Snowfall on HOT Differences 51 Comparison of HOTDS Results to Current Operational Practices 52 HOTDS Implementation Strategy and Timeline 53 Conclusions and Recommendations 53 Conclusions 54 Recommendations 55 References 56 Chapter 4 Increased Use of Spot Deicing for Aircraft Frost Removal 56 Introduction 56 Deicing for Frost Removal 56 Spot Deicing for Frost Removal 56 Objective 57 Research Approach and Methodologies 57 Examination of Current Government and Industry Regulations, Guidance Materials, and Standards 57 Laboratory Tests 61 Focus Group Survey 63 Cost-Benefit Model 63 Step 1: Examination of Potential Cost-Benefit Model Parameters 64 Step 2: Cost-Benefit Model Development and Testing 65 Findings and Applications 65 Examination of Current Government and Industry Regulations, Guidance Material, and Standards 66 Laboratory Tests 68 Focus Group Survey 69 Cost-Benefit Model 70 Conclusions, Recommendations, and Suggested Research 70 Conclusions 72 Recommendations 73 Suggested Research 74 Chapter 5 Increased Use of Aircraft De/Anti-Icing Fluid Dilutions 74 Introduction 74 Background 74 Objective 75 Research Approach and Methodologies 75 Examination of Current Government and Industry Regulations, Guidance Materials, and Standards Related to the Use of Fluid Dilutions 75 Focus Group Survey

77 Cost-Benefit Model 77 Step 1: Examination of Potential Cost-Benefit Model Parameters 77 Step 2: Cost-Benefit Model Development and Testing 80 Findings and Applications 80 Examination of Current Government and Industry Regulations, Guidance Material, and Standards Related to the Use of Fluid Dilutions 81 Findings of the Focus Group Survey 83 Application of Findings to Current Practice 86 Application of Findings to Create Cost-Benefit Model 87 Conclusions and Recommendations 87 Conclusions 91 Recommendations 92 Appendixes Note: Many of the photographs, figures, and tables in this report have been converted from color to grayscale for printing. The electronic version of the report (posted on the Web at www.trb.org) retains the color versions.

Next: Chapter 1 - Project Summary »
Optimizing the Use of Aircraft Deicing and Anti-Icing Fluids Get This Book
×
MyNAP members save 10% online.
Login or Register to save!
Download Free PDF

TRB’s Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) has updated Report 45: Optimizing the Use of Aircraft Deicing and Anti-Icing Fluids provides guidance on procedures and technologies designed to help reduce the use of aircraft deicing and anti-icing fluids (ADAF) while maintaining safe aircraft operations across the wide range of winter weather conditions found in the United States and Canada.

The report includes a series of best management practices that have the potential to be immediately implemented, and highlights the detailed findings and recommendations of experiments to evaluate holdover time determination systems, spot deicing for aircraft frost removal, and ADAF dilutions.

In 2016, the 16 Fact Sheets were reviewed to assess if they reflected current technologies and practices in the industry. That review resulted in updates to Fact Sheets 45, 55, and 56, and the creation of a new Fact Sheet 112. describing promising technologies and procedures from Chapter 2, in the form of readily implementable best management practices.

  1. ×

    Welcome to OpenBook!

    You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.

    Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features?

    No Thanks Take a Tour »
  2. ×

    Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name.

    « Back Next »
  3. ×

    ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one.

    « Back Next »
  4. ×

    Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

    « Back Next »
  5. ×

    To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter.

    « Back Next »
  6. ×

    Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email.

    « Back Next »
  7. ×

    View our suggested citation for this chapter.

    « Back Next »
  8. ×

    Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.

    « Back Next »
Stay Connected!