Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter.
Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines.
OCR for page 48
48
to make more rigorous regulations concerning technologies These are also listed in order of technology developer narrative
of this type, but there was industry resistance. The stricter number from Section 3.3.
standard may be revisited. Figure 3-1 provides a development roadmap for each of the
nine most promising emerging technology areas. The columns
Overall Assessment. This technology is a noteworthy to the right of the Technology Area correspond to the five tech-
approach to strengthening and protecting tanks and ships' nology development levels defined by the research team and
hulls. Because this is a very new technology, industry has explained at the beginning of this section. The length of the bar
only recently become interested in it, and industry buy-in portrays the relative maturity of the technology area. This
is important. The next steps in the development will be cru- involves some interpolation and averaging because a given
cial to gain acceptance. Funding has been running low, but technology area is usually represented by more than one tech-
there may be an infusion in the next few months. Industry nology, and developing products researched may reach the
may become interested as time goes on and more tests and marketplace at different times. Also, as noted in Section 3.2,
prototypes are developed. technologies mature at different rates. The black part of the
bar is intended to show researchers' perceptions of where the
majority of development has progressed to date, while the gray
3.4 Technology Evaluation Results
part of the bar shows advance entries approaching or entering
Table 3-1 contains summary evaluation results for all 23 the marketplace.
most promising emerging technologies researched, listed in The two representative examples of Container Integrity
order of the technology developer narratives from Section 3.3. technology are on opposite ends of the development path.
Tables 3-2 through 3-4 contain the outlook for technologies That interpretive challenge was addressed by recognizing that
maturing during certain time periods. Table 3-2 is the near- research programs are in place for developing solutions in this
term timeframe (i.e., within the next 2 years), Table 3-3 is the technology area over the next 25 years and thus portraying
25 year timeframe, and Table 3-3 is the 615 year timeframe. that as the collective timeline.
OCR for page 49
49
Table 3-1. Summary evaluation results of all developing technologies.
Narrative No./ Tech
Market
Technology Area Organizational Technology Function Dev User Unit Cost Impediment(s) Comments
Availability
Type Level
Active RFID monitoring
Networked RFID,
of cargo and fuel during Variable/not Information transmitted to
ubiquitous sensors 1 Company 4-5 Short-term None noted
transport using battery disclosed remote monitoring centers
and cargo monitoring
operated sensors
Systems featuring Requires a special Primary market is shippers
Networked RFID, 2 National locators, tracking Estimated to be a technician to make repairs; requiring high security
ubiquitous sensors Laboratory devices and disclosure 3-5 2-5 years few thousand systems must withstand levels (e.g., radioactive
and cargo monitoring of information for first dollars harsh conditions associated cargo) during truck
responders with trailer use transport
Security and remote
monitoring systems Products range Products designed from
Networked RFID,
utilizing RFID, intrusion from under $100 to silicon up to plastics, with
ubiquitous sensors 3 Company 4-5 Short-term None specifically noted
detection, biometrics, thousands of industry proven wireless
and cargo monitoring
and wireless sensor dollars network protocol
and actuator networks
Finding development funding
Eventually both the
Passive system: can be a constraint in
development funds and
Infrastructure $0.05-$0.10 per customizing technology for
Networked RFID, technology advancement
4 National monitoring using tag and $2,000 per new application, especially if
ubiquitous sensors 4 2-5 years will provide a solution for
Laboratory passive, unpowered reader; active no forcing function exists;
and cargo monitoring using this type of product,
sensing technology system: $50-$100 desirable if power can be
operating within a wireless
per tag available to transmit
network
information up to 100 meters
$500K to $1M would bring
Several thousand
readiness to Level 5; also
dollars for fixed
Monitor and track items need large-scale industrial
system of one
Networked RFID, in transportation and production of tags, readers Primary market is
5 National RFID reader and
ubiquitous sensors storage, using satellite 4 Short-term and other system shipments of sensitive
Laboratory communication
and cargo monitoring and secure Internet to components, training of nuclear materials
transponder; cost
relay information personnel, and
of $100-$200 per
establishment of
package tag
infrastructure
Open platform for
Chemical and radiation Variable integration of third party
Pressure gauges,
detection; over 140 acquisition cost; sensors; target markets
chemical detection 6 Company 4-5 Short-term Sensors have a finite life
products with different average payback include industrial safety,
sensors
attributes of 3 months civil defense, and
petrochemicals
Can communicate via
Pressure gauges, The technology will have to
$80,000 wireless; primary target
chemical detection 7 Company Indoor air monitoring 2 6-10 years be designed to be interactive
acquisition cost market is buildings and
sensors with communication devices
homeland security
Interactive with
Chemical, biological,
Pressure gauges, Unit cost of $300 communication and
and radiological threat Need $10M in additional
chemical detection 8 Company 2 6-10 years to wire and $100 to display devices; primary
detection using funding
sensors operate use is on shipping
nanowire technology
containers
Product use will be limited
to building infrastructure
Unit cost of $300
Pressure gauges, Explosives detection unless the technology can
to obtain and Need $3M in additional
chemical detection 9 Company using color metric 2 6-10 years be integrated with other
under $100 to funding
sensors barcodes products in order to serve
operate
transport vehicles and
sensitive cargo
Chemical and Unit cost of $300
Pressure gauges, Primary target market is
explosives detection to obtain and Need $3M in additional
chemical detection 10 Company 4 Short-term buildings with HVAC
using gas under $100 to funding
sensors systems
chromatograph operate
6-10 years for $25-$400 per
optical scanner sensor; $400-$2M Need $900K in sensor Has promise for not only
Fiber-optic/photonic
Sensors using fiber- and in general, per optical development funds; need vehicle and cargo
sensors & optical 11 Company 1-2
optics 2-5 years for scanner, $4-6M in scanner monitoring but also
scanners
some fiber- depending on the development funds infrastructure monitoring
optic sensors production scale
(continued on next page)
OCR for page 50
50
Table 3-1. (Continued).
Narrative No./ Tech
Market
Technology Area Organizational Technology Function Dev User Unit Cost Impediment(s) Comments
Availability
Type Level
Encryption makes seals
Seals: $500 in
Secure Sensor Platform Initial cost is high; need highly resistant to intrusion
volume > 500
(SSP) with applications volumes to bring cost down. that escapes detection.
Advanced locks & 12 National units; translator:
such as Remotely 4 2-5 years RFID may have some SSP design represents
seals Laboratory $6,000 if tamper-
Monitored Sealing interference restrictions in middle ground between
resistant, $1,500-
Display (RMSA) some areas. passive tags and active
$2,000 if not
seals.
Two-way wireless
Cost depends on
monitoring and control Includes geofencing and
Advanced locks & application;
13 Company of battery-operated 4-5 Short-term No known impediment alerts in the event of
seals payback expected
sensors attached to tampering
in 3-6 months
cargo and assets
Intelligent video Image capture and Integrates with access
tracking & 14 Company intelligent video 4-5 Short-term $100-$1,000 No known impediment control; part of Open IP
surveillance analytics Alliance
Video content analysis
Intelligent video software that processes $800-$1,000 per Need $800K in additional Interacts with multiple
tracking & 15 Company surveillance camera 3 2-5 years camera; $10,000 funding; possible privacy security-related
surveillance images to support per server protection issues technologies and systems
identity tracking
Wireless power through Distributor used to bring
$150- $200 per
radio frequency energy Need to be compliant with technology into
transmitter; $20
Wireless power 16 Company harvesting, supporting 4 Short-term regulations and standards applications; training and
per receiving
sensing, and tracking regarding power levels supportability plans have
component
devices been implemented
Uses advanced material
science and software Application-specific uses
algorithms to identify, Small per-unit cost may require addition R&D; Primary market has been
Wireless power 17 Company profile and adapt 4-5 Short-term when mass shielding may be required to low power consumer
wireless power delivery produced prevent interference in electronics
to various loads and certain radio bands
configurations
Enables tracking and
Need $2-3M in additional A very promising
communication devices
Unit cost should be funding; so far only 3-4 volts technology development
to be powered without
Nanopiezoelectronics 18 University 1-2 2-5 years low, with quick can be produced; system that can produce electrical
batteries by capturing
payback time design needs to be made power from slight motions
energy created by the
more robust or vibration
environment
Requires integration via
Plastic thin-film Converts light to DC Dependent on adherence or lamination with Basic product is in
19 Company 4-5 Short-term
organic solar cells power application other technologies; must production
have electrical connection
Wireless power from
Product to be licensed to
Plastic thin-film organic solar cells to Need at least $10M in
20 Company 4 2-5 years Not identified companies building
organic solar cells operate sensors, lights, additional funding
devices requiring power
and cameras
Learning curve associated
Builds proof-of-concept
with making cells larger and
organic solar cell Materials used are
Plastic thin-film at volume; additional
21 Company devices and licenses 3-4 2-5 years Not identified generally standard and
organic solar cells development capital needed;
product to volume non-toxic
dependent on business
manufacturers
partnerships
Self healing/sealing Can embed tracking and
jacket that is resistant to $100K-$500K, monitoring devices;
Need $2.5M$5M for full-
Container integrity 22 Company impact, thereby keeping 3 2-5 years depending on the complementary with blast
scale testing
cargo from releasing function and fire mitigation
from container technologies
23 U.S. DOT Sandwich structure-- Need funding; must meet Primarily intended for
Container integrity Research load blunting and 1 6-10 years Not identified weight and space protecting railroad tank
Organization energy absorption requirements cars
OCR for page 51
51
Table 3-2. Evaluation results of technologies available in the short term.
Narrative No./
Market
Technology Area Organizational Technology Function Tech Dev Level User Unit Cost Impediment(s) Comments
Availability
Type
Networked RFID, Active RFID monitoring of Information
ubiquitous cargo and fuel during Variable/not transmitted to
1 Company 4-5 Short-term None noted
sensors and transport using battery disclosed remote monitoring
cargo monitoring operated sensors centers
Products
Security and remote
designed from
Networked RFID, monitoring systems utilizing
Products range from silicon up to
ubiquitous RFID, intrusion detection,
3 Company 4-5 Short-term under $100 to None specifically noted plastics, with
sensors and biometrics, and wireless
thousands of dollars industry proven
cargo monitoring sensor and actuator
wireless network
networks
protocol
$500K to $1M would bring
Several thousand
readiness to Level 5; also
dollars for fixed
need large-scale
Networked RFID, Monitor and track items in system of one RFID Primary market is
industrial production of
ubiquitous 5 National transportation and storage, reader and shipments of
4 Short-term tags, readers, and other
sensors and Laboratory using satellite and secure communication sensitive nuclear
system components;
cargo monitoring Internet to relay information transponder; cost of materials
training of personnel; and
$100-$200 per
establishment of
package tag
infrastructure
Open platform for
integration of third
Chemical and radiation party sensors;
Pressure gauges Variable acquisition
detection; over 140 target markets
& chemical 6 Company 4-5 Short-term cost; average Sensors have a finite life
products with different include industrial
detection sensors payback of 3 months
attributes safety, civil
defense, and
petrochemicals
Primary target
Pressure gauges Chemical and explosives Unit cost of $300 to
Need $3M in additional market is
& chemical 10 Company detection using gas 4 Short-term obtain and under
funding buildings with
detection sensors chromatograph $100 to operate
HVAC systems
Two-way wireless
Cost depends on Includes
monitoring and control of
Advanced locks & application; payback geofencing and
13 Company battery operated sensors 4-5 Short-term No known impediment
seals expected in 3-6 alerts in the event
attached to cargo and
months of tampering
assets
Integrates with
Intelligent video
Image capture and access control;
tracking & 14 Company 4-5 Short-term $100-$1,000 No known impediment
intelligent video analytics part of Open IP
surveillance
Alliance
Distributor used to
Wireless power through bring technology
radio frequency energy $150- $200 per Need to be compliant with into applications;
Wireless power 16 Company harvesting, supporting 4 Short-term transmitter; $20 per regulations and standards training and
sensing, and tracking receiving component regarding power levels supportability
devices plans have been
implemented
Uses advanced material Application-specific uses
science and software may require addition Primary market
Small per unit cost
algorithms to identify, R&D; shielding may be has been low
Wireless power 17 Company 4-5 Short-term when mass
profile, and adapt wireless required to prevent power consumer
produced
power delivery to various interference in certain electronics
loads and configurations radio bands
Requires integration via
Plastic thin-film Dependent on adherence/lamination with Basic product is in
19 Company Converts light to DC power 4-5 Short-term
organic solar cells application other technologies; must production
have electrical connection
OCR for page 52
52
Table 3-3. Evaluation results of technologies available in 25 years.
Narrative No./
Tech Dev
Technology Area Organizational Technology Function Market Availability User Unit Cost Impediment(s) Comments
Level
Type
Systems featuring Requires a special Primary market is
Networked RFID, locators, tracking Estimated to be a technician to make shippers requiring high
ubiquitous sensors 2 National devices, and disclosure 3-5 2-5 years few thousand repairs; systems must security levels (e.g.,
and cargo monitoring Laboratory of information for first dollars withstand harsh conditions radioactive cargo) during
responders associated with trailer use truck transport
Finding development
funding can be a
Eventually both
constraint in customizing
Passive system: development funds and
Infrastructure monitoring technology for new
Networked RFID, $0.05-$0.10 per tag technology advancement
4 National using passive, application, especially if
ubiquitous sensors 4 2-5 years and $2K per reader; will provide a solution for
Laboratory unpowered sensing no forcing function exists;
and cargo monitoring active system: $50- using this type of
technology desirable if power can be
$100 per tag product, operating within
available to transmit
a wireless network
information up to 100
meters
Encryption makes seals
Seals: $500 in Initial cost is high; need highly resistant to
Secure Sensor Platform volume > 500 units; volumes to bring cost intrusion that escapes
Advanced locks & 12 National (SSP) with applications 4 2-5 years translator: $6,000 if down. RFID may have detection. SSP design
seals Laboratory such as RMSA tamper-resistant, some interference represents middle
$1,500-$2,000 if not restrictions in some areas ground between passive
tags and active seals
Video content analysis
interacts with multiple
Intelligent video software that processes $800-$1,000 per need $800K in additional
security-related
tracking & 15 Company surveillance camera 3 2-5 years camera; $10,000 funding; possible privacy
technologies and
surveillance images to support identity per server protection issues
systems
tracking
Enables tracking and A very promising
Need $2-3M in additional
communication devices technology development
Unit cost should be funding; so far only 3-4
to be powered without that can produce
Nanopiezoelectronics 18 University 1-2 2-5 years low, with quick volts can be produced;
batteries by capturing electrical power from
payback time system design needs to
energy created by the slight motions or even
be made more robust
environment vibration
Wireless power from
Product to be licensed to
Plastic thin-film organic solar cells to Need at least $10M in
20 Company 4 2-5 years Not identified companies building
organic solar cells operate sensors, lights, additional funding
devices requiring power
and cameras
Learning curve associated
Builds proof-of-concept with making cells larger
Materials used are
Plastic thin-film organic solar cell devices and at volume; additional
21 Company 3-4 2-5 years Not identified generally standard and
organic solar cells and licenses product to development capital
non-toxic
volume manufacturers needed; dependent on
business partnerships
Self healing/sealing Can embed tracking and
jacket that is resistant to $100K-$500K, monitoring devices;
Need $2.5M - $5M for full-
Container integrity 22 Company impact, thereby keeping 3 2-5 years depending on the complementary with blast
scale testing
cargo from releasing from function and fire mitigation
container technologies
OCR for page 53
53
Table 3-4. Evaluation results of technologies available in 610 years.
Narrative No./ Tech
Market
Technology Area Organizational Technology Function Dev User Unit Cost Impediment(s) Comments
Availability
Type Level
The technology will
Can communicate via
have to be
Pressure gauges & wireless; primary
$80,000 acquisition designed to be
chemical detection 7 Company Indoor air monitoring 2 6-10 years target market is
cost interactive with
sensors buildings and
communication
homeland security
devices
Interactive with
Pressure gauges & Unit cost of $300 to communication and
Chemical, biological, and radiological Need $10M in
chemical detection 8 Company 2 6-10 years wire and $100 to display devices;
threat detection using nanowire technology additional funding
sensors operate primary use is on
shipping containers
Product use will be
limited to building
infrastructure unless
Pressure gauges & Unit cost of $300 to the technology can
Explosives detection using color metric Need $3M in
chemical detection 9 Company 2 6-10 years obtain and under be integrated with
barcodes additional funding
sensors $100 to operate other products in
order to serve
transport vehicles
and sensitive cargo
6-10 years for Need $900K in
$25-$400 per sensor; Has promise for not
Fiber- optical sensor
$400-$2M per optical only vehicle and
optic/photonic scanner and development funds;
11 Company Sensors using fiber-optics 1-2 scanner, depending cargo monitoring but
sensors & optical 2-5 years for need $4-6M in
on the production also infrastructure
scanners some fiber- scanner
scale monitoring
optic sensors development funds
23 U.S. DOT Need funding; must Primarily intended for
Sandwich structure--load blunting and
Container integrity Research 1 6-10 years Not identified meet weight and protecting railroad
energy absorption
Organization space requirements tank cars
OCR for page 54
Technology 1. Basic technology 2. Equipment and 3. Prototype 4. Product operational 5. Product available for
Development Level principles observed process concept demonstrated in in limited real-world commercial use
(to right) formulated laboratory environment environment
Networked RFID,
ubiquitous sensors and
cargo monitoring
Pressure gauges &
chemical detection
sensors
Fiber-optic/photonic
sensors & optical
scanners
Advanced locks & seals
Intelligent video
tracking & surveillance
Wireless power
Nanopiezoelectronics
Plastic thin-film
organic solar cells
Container integrity
Figure 3-1. Development roadmap for the nine most promising emerging technologies.
