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OCR for page R1
HMCRP
HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
COOPERATIVE
RESEARCH
PROGRAM
REPORT 4
Sponsored by the
Pipeline and Hazardous
Materials Safety
Emerging Technologies Administration
Applicable to Hazardous
Materials Transportation
Safety and Security
OCR for page R2
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD 2011 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE*
OFFICERS
CHAIR: Neil J. Pedersen, Administrator, Maryland State Highway Administration, Baltimore
VICE CHAIR: Sandra Rosenbloom, Professor of Planning, University of Arizona, Tucson
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: Robert E. Skinner, Jr., Transportation Research Board
MEMBERS
J. Barry Barker, Executive Director, Transit Authority of River City, Louisville, KY
Deborah H. Butler, Executive Vice President, Planning, and CIO, Norfolk Southern Corporation, Norfolk, VA
William A.V. Clark, Professor, Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles
Eugene A. Conti, Jr., Secretary of Transportation, North Carolina DOT, Raleigh
James M. Crites, Executive Vice President of Operations, Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport, TX
Paula J. Hammond, Secretary, Washington State DOT, Olympia
Adib K. Kanafani, Cahill Professor of Civil Engineering, University of California, Berkeley
Susan Martinovich, Director, Nevada DOT, Carson City
Michael R. Morris, Director of Transportation, North Central Texas Council of Governments, Arlington
Tracy L. Rosser, Vice President, Regional General Manager, Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., Mandeville, LA
Steven T. Scalzo, Chief Operating Officer, Marine Resources Group, Seattle, WA
Henry G. (Gerry) Schwartz, Jr., Chairman (retired), Jacobs/Sverdrup Civil, Inc., St. Louis, MO
Beverly A. Scott, General Manager and CEO, Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority, Atlanta, GA
David Seltzer, Principal, Mercator Advisors LLC, Philadelphia, PA
Lawrence A. Selzer, President and CEO, The Conservation Fund, Arlington, VA
Kumares C. Sinha, Olson Distinguished Professor of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
Daniel Sperling, Professor of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science and Policy; Director, Institute of Transportation Studies; and Interim
Director, Energy Efficiency Center, University of California, Davis
Kirk T. Steudle, Director, Michigan DOT, Lansing
Douglas W. Stotlar, President and CEO, Con-Way, Inc., Ann Arbor, MI
C. Michael Walton, Ernest H. Cockrell Centennial Chair in Engineering, University of Texas, Austin
EX OFFICIO MEMBERS
Peter H. Appel, Administrator, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, U.S.DOT
J. Randolph Babbitt, Administrator, Federal Aviation Administration, U.S.DOT
Rebecca M. Brewster, President and COO, American Transportation Research Institute, Smyrna, GA
Anne S. Ferro, Administrator, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, U.S.DOT
John T. Gray, Senior Vice President, Policy and Economics, Association of American Railroads, Washington, DC
John C. Horsley, Executive Director, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC
David T. Matsuda, Deputy Administrator, Maritime Administration, U.S.DOT
Victor M. Mendez, Administrator, Federal Highway Administration, U.S.DOT
William W. Millar, President, American Public Transportation Association, Washington, DC
Tara O'Toole, Under Secretary for Science and Technology, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC
Robert J. Papp (Adm., U.S. Coast Guard), Commandant, U.S. Coast Guard, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC
Cynthia L. Quarterman, Administrator, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, U.S.DOT
Peter M. Rogoff, Administrator, Federal Transit Administration, U.S.DOT
David L. Strickland, Administrator, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S.DOT
Joseph C. Szabo, Administrator, Federal Railroad Administration, U.S.DOT
Polly Trottenberg, Assistant Secretary for Transportation Policy, U.S.DOT
Robert L. Van Antwerp (Lt. Gen., U.S. Army), Chief of Engineers and Commanding General, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC
Barry R. Wallerstein, Executive Officer, South Coast Air Quality Management District, Diamond Bar, CA
*Membership as of March 2011.
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HAZARDOUS MATERIALS COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM
HMCRP REPORT 4
Emerging Technologies
Applicable to Hazardous
Materials Transportation
Safety and Security
William H. Tate
BATTELLE MEMORIAL INSTITUTE
Columbus, OH
Mark D. Abkowitz
VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY
Nashville, TN
Subscriber Categories
Aviation · Highways · Marine Transportation · Motor Carriers · Pipelines · Railroads · Environment · Freight Transportation
Safety and Human Factors · Security and Emergencies · Terminals and Facilities · Vehicles and Equipment
Research sponsored by the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD
WASHINGTON, D.C.
2011
www.TRB.org
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HAZARDOUS MATERIALS COOPERATIVE HMCRP REPORT 4
RESEARCH PROGRAM
The safety, security, and environmental concerns associated with Project HM-04
transportation of hazardous materials are growing in number and ISSN 2150-4849
complexity. Hazardous materials are substances that are flammable, ISBN: 978-0-309-21314-1
explosive, or toxic or that, if released, produce effects that would threaten Library of Congress Control Number 2011927850
human safety, health, the environment, or property. Hazardous materials
© 2011 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
are moved throughout the country by all modes of freight transportation,
including ships, trucks, trains, airplanes, and pipelines.
The private sector and a diverse mix of government agencies at all levels
are responsible for controlling the transport of hazardous materials and for COPYRIGHT INFORMATION
ensuring that hazardous cargoes move without incident. This shared goal Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining
has spurred the creation of several venues for organizations with related written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously
interests to work together in preventing and responding to hazardous published or copyrighted material used herein.
materials incidents. The freight transportation and chemical industries; Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this
government regulatory and enforcement agencies at the federal and state publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the
levels; and local emergency planners and responders routinely share understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA,
FMCSA, FTA, RITA, or PHMSA endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice.
information, resources, and expertise. Nevertheless, there has been a long- It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for educational and not-
standing gap in the system for conducting hazardous materials safety and for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or
security research. Industry organizations and government agencies have reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from CRP.
their own research programs to support their mission needs. Collaborative
research to address shared problems takes place occasionally, but mostly
occurs on an ad hoc basis. NOTICE
Acknowledging this gap in 2004, the U.S. DOT Office of Hazardous
The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the Hazardous Materials
Materials Safety, the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, the
Cooperative Research Program, conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the
Federal Railroad Administration, and the U.S. Coast Guard pooled their approval of the Governing Board of the National Research Council.
resources for a study. Under the auspices of the Transportation Research
The members of the technical panel selected to monitor this project and to review this
Board (TRB), the National Research Council of the National Academies report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance.
appointed a committee to examine the feasibility of creating a cooperative The report was reviewed by the technical panel and accepted for publication according to
research program for hazardous materials transportation, similar in concept procedures established and overseen by the Transportation Research Board and approved
to the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) and the by the Governing Board of the National Research Council.
Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP). The committee concluded, The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the
in TRB Special Report 283: Cooperative Research for Hazardous Materials researchers who performed the research and are not necessarily those of the Transportation
Research Board, the National Research Council, or the program sponsors.
Transportation: Defining the Need, Converging on Solutions, that the need for
cooperative research in this field is significant and growing, and the The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, the National Research
committee recommended establishing an ongoing program of cooperative Council, and the sponsors of the Hazardous Materials Cooperative Research Program do
not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers' names appear herein
research. In 2005, based in part on the findings of that report, the Safe, solely because they are considered essential to the object of the report.
Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for
Users (SAFETEA-LU) authorized the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials
Safety Administration (PHMSA) to contract with the National Academy of
Sciences to conduct the Hazardous Materials Cooperative Research Program
(HMCRP). The HMCRP is intended to complement other U.S. DOT
research programs as a stakeholder-driven, problem-solving program,
researching real-world, day-to-day operational issues with near- to mid-
term time frames.
Published reports of the
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM
are available from:
Transportation Research Board
Business Office
500 Fifth Street, NW
Washington, DC 20001
and can be ordered through the Internet at:
http://www.national-academies.org/trb/bookstore
Printed in the United States of America
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The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific
and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. On the
authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal
government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel
organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the
National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also
sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior
achievements of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members
of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the
responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government
and, on its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the
Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of
science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in
accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the
National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and
the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine.
Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.
The Transportation Research Board is one of six major divisions of the National Research Council. The mission of the Transporta-
tion Research Board is to provide leadership in transportation innovation and progress through research and information exchange,
conducted within a setting that is objective, interdisciplinary, and multimodal. The Board's varied activities annually engage about
7,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia,
all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is supported by state transportation departments, federal
agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individu-
als interested in the development of transportation. www.TRB.org
www.national-academies.org
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COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAMS
CRP STAFF FOR HMCRP REPORT 4
Christopher W. Jenks, Director, Cooperative Research Programs
Crawford F. Jencks, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs
William C. Rogers, Senior Program Officer
Charlotte Thomas, Senior Program Assistant
Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications
Kami Cabral, Editor
HMCRP PROJECT 04 PANEL
Danny Simpson, CN Railway, Homewood, IL (Chair)
Richard C. Bornhorst, U.S. Coast Guard, Washington, DC
Cheryl A. "Cherry" Burke, Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI
George R. Famini, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD
Kathleen T. Kovach, Port Authority of New York & New Jersey, New York, NY
C. A. "Chip" Lidicker, CF Industries, Inc., Deerfield, IL
Randolph Martin, DuPont Company, Wilmington, DE
Charles H. Hochman, PHMSA Liaison
James Simmons, PHMSA Liaison
Francisco Gonzalez, III, Federal Railroad Administration Liaison
Ann Purdue, TRB Liaison
AUTHOR ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The research reported herein was performed under Hazardous Materials Cooperative Research Program
(HMCRP) Project HM-04 by Battelle, the contractor for this study. Mr. William Tate, Principal Research
Scientist at Battelle, Columbus, Ohio, was the Project Director and Principal Investigator and an author
of this report. The other author of this report was Dr. Mark Abkowitz, Professor of Civil & Environ-
mental Engineering at Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee. Other contributors were the Ameri-
can Transportation Research Institute, Minneapolis, Minnesota, and Atlanta, Georgia, led by Mr. Dan
Murray; Visionary Solutions, LLC, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, led by Mr. Dan Hoglund; Mr. Don Loftis of
Olin Chlor Alkali Products, Charleston, Tennessee, and Dr. Arthur Greenberg, Senior Research Scientist
at Battelle, Columbus, Ohio. The work was done under the general supervision of Mr. Tate.
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FOREWORD
By William C. Rogers
Staff Officer
Transportation Research Board
HMCRP Report 4: Emerging Technologies Applicable to Hazardous Materials Transporta-
tion Safety and Security describes near-term (less than 5 years) and longer-term (510 years)
technologies that are candidates for enhancing the safety and security of hazardous materi-
als transportation for use by shippers, carriers, emergency responders, or government reg-
ulatory and enforcement agencies. Using extensive reviews of the literature and interviews
with numerous technology providers, the research identifies emerging generic technolo-
gies that hold the greatest promise of being introduced during these near- and longer-term
spans. It also identifies potential impediments (e.g., technical, economic, legal, and insti-
tutional) to, and opportunities for, their development, deployment, and maintenance. The
research focused on all modes used to transport hazardous materials (trucking, rail,
marine, air, and pipeline) and resulted in the identification of nine most promising emerg-
ing technologies.
Shipments of U.S. DOT-regulated hazardous materials may pose risks to the public if they
are accidentally or intentionally released. The long-term safety records of these shipments
is excellent, due in large part to the efforts of shippers, carriers, and receivers working closely
with federal, state, and local agencies responsible for regulation, enforcement, and emer-
gency response. Technological advancements have been important in minimizing the
occurrence and consequences of accidental releases by improving industry and government
capabilities in areas such as shipment handling, packaging, monitoring, and emergency
response. Ensuring that hazardous materials shipments are also secure from terrorist attacks
and deliberate releases likewise requires the concerted efforts of government and industry--
aided by technology.
Under HMCRP Project 4, Battelle Memorial Institute was asked to (1) conduct a thor-
ough survey and document all emerging technologies that have potential application to haz-
ardous materials transportation safety and security in the near and longer terms; (2) develop
criteria for the selection of the most promising technologies; (3) develop a preliminary list
of technologies considered to be most promising; and (4) develop recommendations for
advancing the most promising technologies for the safe and secure transportation of haz-
ardous materials. The final result is a commentary on each of the nine most promising
emerging technology areas, an examination of the individual technology developments
within them, and the projected paths of the technologies to the marketplace, including
needs and perceived obstacles.
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CONTENTS
1 Summary
9 Chapter 1 Background
9 1.1 Project Objectives
9 1.2 Problem Statement and Discussion
10 Chapter 2 Research Approach
10 2.1 Research and Information Gathering
12 2.2 Assumptions and Observations
14 2.3 Details of Task 1: Conduct Survey and Document Potential Emerging
Technologies
15 2.4 Details of Task 2: Develop Criteria for Selection of Most Promising
Technologies
27 2.5 Details of Task 3: Select Most Promising Technologies That Address
Important Technology Need Areas
29 2.6 Details of Task 4: Develop Detailed Work Plan for More In-Depth
Exploration in Phase 2
33 2.7 Details of Task 5: Submit Interim Report Documenting Tasks 1 through 4
33 2.8 Details of Task 6: Execute Task 4 Work Plan and Develop Recommendations
for Advancing the Most Promising Technologies
34 2.9 Details of Task 7: Prepare Final Report Documenting Entire Research Effort
35 Chapter 3 Findings and Applications
35 3.1 High-Level Commentary on a 15-Year Timeline
36 3.2 Caveats on the Technology Developer Research Interview Process,
Findings, and Analysis
37 3.3 Individual Technology Characterization
48 3.4 Technology Evaluation Results
55 Chapter 4 Conclusions and Recommendations
55 4.1 Conclusions
58 4.2 Recommendations
61 Appendix A Acronyms
65 Appendix B Initial Research Interview Summary
and Guideline
68 Appendix C Summary of Key Results from Initial
Research Interviews
81 Appendix D Modal Screening Process
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116 Appendix E Synopses of Peer Reviews
119 Appendix F Developer Interview Research Template
122 Appendix G References
Note: Many of the photographs, figures, and tables in this report have been converted from color to grayscale
for printing. The electronic version of the report (posted on the Web at www.trb.org) retains the color versions.
