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OCR for page 165
Index
Abortifacients, 43, 66, 91
Abortions, 7
contraception and, 2, 44, 52-53, 55, 91
genetic testing and, 132, 134, 135, 162
health risks of, 91
rates, 1, 2, 7, 44, 52, 53-54, 62, 69, 70,
79, 94, 161
spontaneous, from IVF, 32, 133, 134, 135,
138
teenage pregnancy and, 8, 53-54, 62, 69,
70, 79, 91, 94
Abstinence, 55
Adoption, 14, 87
Adrenal gland dysfunction, 21
Age, and contraceptive use, 76
Agency for International Development, 54
A. H. Robins Company, 45
Aid to Families with Dependent Children, 9,
81, 87, 113
AIDS, 7, 23
Alan Guttmacher Institute, 43, 52, 60, 61,
70, 81, 85, 88, 89, 94, 104, 111
Alza Corporation, 45
Amenorrhea, 127, 128
American Academy of Pediatrics, 107, 116
American Association of Tissue Banks, 24,
28
American Civil Liberties Union, 87
165
American College of Obstetricians and
Gynecologists, 28, 47, 107-108, 116,
154-155
American Fertility Society, 28, 30, 32, 155
American Medical Association Diagnostic
and Therapeutic Technology
Assessment panel, 61
Amniocentesis, 134-136
Anencephaly, 135
Anorexia nervosa, 128
Artificial insemination, 3, 5, 11, 12, 23-25,
26, 28, 140, 147
Basal body temperature, 20
Benign breast tumors, 56
Biodegradable pellets, contraceptive, 65
Biomedical Ethics Board, 155, 156, 162
Birth control, see Contraception and
contraceptives; and specific methods
Birth control pills, 2, 57
availability of, 43, 44, 59, 60, 6, 89-90
and breast cancer, 55-56, 62
components, 56
costs, 46
development, 41
effectiveness of, 63
liability claims, 45~6
for men, 42
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166
mini-pill, 63
side effects, 43~4, 55-56, 61~2, 63,
88-90
treatment of endometriosis with, 21, 65
use trends, 53, 57, S9, 76
women's attitudes toward, SS-56, 61, 78,
89-90
Birth rates
from IVF, 20
for minorities and ethnic groups, 109
for unmarried women, 108-109
U.S., 53
Blacks
births to unmarried women, 108
infant mortality rates, 96-97, 98, 109
pregnancy rates for adolescents, 70
prenatal care for, 10, 109, 160
Blastocyst, 17, 149, 150
Blastomeres, 17
Brain, role in reproduction, 18, 20, 21,
126-129, 144
Breast cancer, birth control pills and, SS-56,
62
Bromocriptine, 21
Catholics' 61, 152
Center for Population Options, 69, 81
Centers for Disease Control, 24
Cerebral palsy, 102, 107
Cervical cap, 41, 58, 64-65, 90
Cervical mucus, hostile reaction to sperm,
22, 23, 25
Chastity, promotion of, and teenage
pregnancy, 87-88
Child care
availability for teenage mothers, 80, 81-82
prenatal care accessibility and, 119
Child health, see Maternal and child health
Childbearing, rates, 7
Children of teenage mothers, 69, 82-84
Children's Defense Fund, 100, 102, 108-109,
113, 116
Chlamydia, IS, 19-20
Chorionic villus sampling, 134-135, 136,
137, 140
Chromosome defects, and pregnancy
outcomes, 138-139
Chronic granulomatous disease, 134
Clinics for prenatal care
access to, 113-114, 119, 120, 124
hours, 119
INDEX
location of, 120
malpractice insurance, 116
staff attitudes, 119-120
transportation to, 118
waiting times, 113, 119
see also In vitro fertilization clinics
Clomiphene citrate, 21, 22
Cocaine, 122-123
Community health centers, 117
Conceptus, 17
Condoms
adolescent attitudes on, 78
advertising, 9, 60, 92
availability of, 9, 60, 63~4, 90
effectiveness, 63-64
female, 65
historical background, 41
male, availability and effectiveness, 44, 57,
63-64
use trends, 57, 58, 60
Congenital anomalies, 103, 122
Congressional Research Service, 98
Consumer protection
approaches, 34-35, 38
consensus conferences, 34
defining IVF and GIFT success rates,
30-33, 38
physician credentials, 29
protocol appropriateness, 29, 34
questions to ask an IVF clinic, 33-34
state regulation of clinics, 34
Contraceptive development
barriers to, 2, 7-8, 62, 126
costs of, 49
decline in, 43, 44 52
FDA approval process and, 8, 44, 50-52
funding for, 42, 44, 49-50, S1
lawsuits and, 7, 44 46, 48-49, 62
legal rule changes and, 46-48
liability insurance costs and 48-49
time for, 65
trends in, 42-43, 49-50
WHO testing guidelines, 50-S1
Contraceptive use, 6-8
and abortion prevention, 52-53
acceptance of one's sexual behavior and'
78, 90
age and, 76
culture and, 58-S9
determinants of, 57-S9, 75-78, 90
educational goals and, 76
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INDEX
and family planning programs, 7
hinderances to, 7, 59-62, 88-89
and maternal and child health, 54-55
patterns of, 57-58
and population growth, 41-42, 53-54
promotion of, 12
and quality of life, 54
rates of, 7, 59-60, 85
sex education and, 60-61, 76-78
and sexual behavior, 52-53, 91
social development and, 78
and teenage pregnancy, 71-72, 75-78, 85,
88
women's attitudes on, 55-56
Contraceptives
acceptability and accessibility, 7-8, 47,
56-59, 71, 161
advertising, 2, 9, 45, 59, 60, 61, 84, 92,
161
choice of effective methods, 1-2, 43~4,
55-56, 60
costs, 7, 58, 72
historical background, 41-44
improving access to, 88-91
inherent attributes, 58
injectable, 43, 49, 65-66
liability insurance for, 48-49
methods not available in U.S., 7, 43, 65-66
new methods, 8, 65
perceived attributes, 58
postmarketing surveillance programs, 51
side effects, 7, 43-44, 50, 51, 66
see also Contraceptive development;
Contraceptive use; Family planning;
and specific methods
Creams (contraceptive), availability and
effectiveness, 63, 64
Cryopreservation
of eggs and embryos, 12, 37, 140-142
of sperm, 25, 37
CuFix 390, 66
Cystic fibrosis, 136, 137, 140
Danazol, 21
Depo-Provera, 43, 49, 65
Developing countries
abortion rates, 53, 54
family planning programs in, 53
maternal and child health in, 54-55
population growth in, 53, 54
Diaphragms, 44, 57, 58, 63, 64, 90
167
DNA analysis
adult screening, 129, 132
new techniques, 136-137
newborn screening, 129, 133
polymerase chain reaction, 140
prenatal testing techniques, 133-135
Douching, 7, 55
Down syndrome, 132, 134, 135
Duchenne muscular dystrophy, 137, 139, 140
Economic costs, of early childbearing, 81-82
Educational attainment
and early childbearing, 73, 80
and prenatal care, 109
Educational goals
and contraceptive use, 76
and teenage pregnancy, 73
Eggs, human
chromosome abnormalities in, 26, 143-144,
149
collection for IVF, 25
development, 25, 127
donation, 12
fertilization, 15, 23-24
ovulation, 15
zone pellucida, 16
Embryos
cell differentiation, 17-18
chromosome abnormalities, 130, 138-139,
150
culture medium, 142
development, early, 149-150
development, improving, 12, 142
diagnosis of genetic diseases in, 11,
139-140
ethical issues, 3-4, 10-11, 138, 143,
151-156
fertilization and incubation, 28; see also In
vitro fertilization
freezing for preservation of, 12, 26, 28, 37,
140-142
health of, 32, 37
human rights controversy, 11, 152
ownership of, 4, 152
preimplantation, 17, 138, 153
"primitive streak," 18
research with, 3-4, 10-12, 26, 37, 38, 126,
138, 142-143, 148-156
Endometrial cancer, 56
Endometriosis, 20, 21, 23, 25, 65
Estrogen, 56, 63, 65, 66
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168
Ethical Advisory Board, see Ethics Advisory
Board
Ethical and social issues, 4, 151-153
barriers to resolution of, 2, 4, 152
in embryo research, 3 - , 10-11, 138, 143,
151-156
in in vitro fertilization, 147-148, 154
patient dumping, 102, 147
quality and safety of infertility treatment,
6, 152
resolution of, 153-155
Ethics Advisory Board, 4, 11, 12, 35, 37, 38,
126, 142, 148, 153-154, 156, 159, 162
Fallopian tubes, 5, 15, 19, 23, 25, 149, 160
Family Health International, 43, 51
Family planning
and abortion, 55
availability for teenagers, 88
clinic attributes associated with
contraceptive use 58, 60
and contraceptive use, 7
in developing countries, 53, 54
historical background, 41
policy goals, 161
religious/moral objections to, 61
school links with clinics, 84
subsidization of, 90
U.S. support of, 53
Family relationships
stresses caused by low birthweight babies,
104
teenage pregnancy and, 7~75
Family size, and use of prenatal care,
109-110
Family structure, and teenage pregnancy,
72-74, 83
Fetal blood testing, 134, 136
Fetal research
federal regulations on, 11, 34-35
funding for, 12
see also Embryos
Fetus
defined, 18
early development, 149-150
Financial stresses, of premature deliveries,
104 105
Foams (contraceptive), availability and
effectiveness, 63, 64, 90
Follicle-stimulating hormone, 21, 127, 129
Food and Drug Administration, 62, 128
INDEX
contraceptive testing requirements, 8, 43,
44, 50-52, 65
guidelines for screening sperm donors, 24
rules in tort liability suits, 47-48
Food stamps, 9, 81, 87
Funding
for contraceptive development, 49-50, 51
for embryo research, 26, 37-38, 126, 143,
149, 150, 154
Galactosemia, 133
Gallup poll on women's attitudes toward
contraception, 55, 61
Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT), 14
costs of, 6, 35
defining success, 3~33
drawbacks, 27
physician credentials for, 29
process, 5, 26-27
public policies on, 12
setting standards for, 14, 27-28
success rates, 5, 6, 14, 27, 30-33
G. D. Searle and Company, 45
Genetic diseases
diagnosis of, 3, 11, 129-130, 139-140,
143, 162; see also DNA analysis
mechanisms in, 130-131
public policies on treatment of, 12
research needs on, 151
Genital infections, 19
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone, 21, 22,
127-129
Gonadotropins, 21, 127, 128
Gonorrhea, 15, 19
Government Accounting Office, 116
GynoPharma, Inc., 45
Health insurance
coverage for premature births, 105
IVF and GIFT coverage, 28, 35-36
and prenatal care, 109, 11~111, 112, 124
see also Uninsured women
Hemophilia, 134, 139
Hepatitis B. 24
Heroin, 122
Herpes virus, 11
Hispanics, prenatal care for, 109
Homelessness, and prenatal care, 121
Homocystinuria, 133
Hormones
dysfunction, 21, 22
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INDEX
implants, for birth control, 65
therapy for infertility, 21, 22, 25
transdermal delivery of, 65
Human chorionic gonadotropin, 22
Human menopausal gonadotropin, 22
Human suffering index, 54
Hyaline membrane disease, 103
Hydrocephalus, 135
Hypothalamus, 18, 20-22, 92, 126-127, 129,
144
In vitro fertilization (IVF), 14, 147
age of women and outcomes of, 30, 32
cell loss and embryo development, 140
and chromosome defects, 139, 143-144
costs of, 6, 27, 35
defining success, 30-33
and embryo research, 3-4, 11, 130, 140,
142-143, 148
ethical issues, 147-148, 154
multiple births with, 26, 141
physician credentials for, 29
postmarketing surveillance program, 51
process, 5, 25-26
public policies on, 12
reasons for use of, 25
regulation of research on, 34-35, 150
setting standards for, 6, 11, 14, 27-28,
37-38, 159
success rates, 5, 6, 14, 27, 3~33, 38, 139,
141, 142, 150
In vitro fertilization clinics
Bourn Hall (England), 26
characteristics of, 35-36
growth of, 5-6, 27, 37
questions to ask at, 33-34
Income
and early childbearing, 80-81
and prenatal care, 110
Industrialized countries
abortion rates in, 53, 70
adolescent pregnancies in, 70
contraceptive availability in, 71
infant mortality rates in, 96-97
time span between menarche and marriage
in, 72
Infant mortality
causes, 99, 109, 124
low birthweight and, 97, 99-101, 124
neonatal intensive care and, 107
poverty and, 98, 101-102, 124
169
prenatal care and, 10, 97, 105, 106, 109
rates, 1, 54-55, 96-99, 124
Infertility
from damage to reproductive tract, 19-20,
45, 61, 63, 90, 160
defined, 15
from endometriosis, 20
male, 5, 2~21, 25, 37
from ovulation disorders, 20
prevalence, 4-5, 15, 37
secondary, 15
- sexually transmitted diseases and, 5, 15
tests for, 5, 19
Infertility treatment
artificial insemination, 3, 5, 23-25
characteristics of patients, 36
consumer protection, 28-35, 37, 38
costs of, 35
dissemination of new technologies, 29
ethical issues, 6, 126
medical therapies for men and women, 3,
5, 21-22
new fertilization procedures, see Gamete
intrafallopial transfer; In vitro
fertilization
physician credentials for, 29
protocols, 29, 34
public policies, 12
research needs, 37, 159-160
state regulation of, 34
sources, 5-6, 18-19
success of, 5, 22-23
surgery for varicocele, 3, 22-23
surgery for women, 3, 5, 23
Institute of Civil Justice, 46
Institute of Medicine
Committee to Study Outreach for Prenatal
Care, 109, 113-114, 117, 118, 120
Committee to Study the Prevention of Low
Birthweight, 102, 103, 107
Intrauterine devices, 2, 41, 57
availability and effectiveness, 7-8, 43-45,
63
Cu-7, 45
CuFix 390, 66
Dalkon Shield, 45, 61
determinants of use, 58, 61
liability suits, 45, 47, 61, 66
Lippes Loop, 45
ParaGuard, 43, 45, 61, 63
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70
and pelvic inflammatory disease, 19, 45,
61, 63, 90
Progestasert, 43, 45, 61, 63
and sexually transmitted diseases, 61
side effects, 44, 45, 90
IUDs, see Intrauterine devices
Jellies (contraceptive), availability and
effectiveness, 64
Job opportunities, and early childbearing, 73,
80
Johns Hopkins University School of
Medicine, 85, 86
Laparoscopy, 19, 21, 25, 27
Lawsuits
changes in rules governing, 46-48
contraceptive-related, 41 46
deterring effects of, 47
discovery rules, 46-47
negligence standard, 46
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, 132, 137, 139
Levonorgestrel, 64, 65
Liability
coordination of regulatory system and tort
system, 47-48
insurance costs, 48-49, 61
objectives of tort system, 47
see also Lawsuits; Malpractice
Louis Harris survey, 61, 84
Low birthweight
and congenital anomalies, 103
costs associated with, 104, 105
definition of, 97, 99
effects of, 102-105
factors contributing to, 97, 124
and family stresses, 104
and financial stresses, 104-105
and health problems, 97, 102-103, 104
and infant mortality, 97, 99-101, 124
and neurodevelopmental handicaps, 100,
102
poverty and, 101, 104
prevention of, 55, 97, 105, 106; see also
Prenatal care
respiratory tract problems, 103
side effects of technology, 103
substance abuse and, 122
as teenage pregnancy outcome, 79,
104-105
trends, 99-100
INDEX
Lowry, 142
Luteinizing hormone, 127, 129
Maple syrup urine disease, 132
Malpractice
awards, 116-117
claims, 46
insurance costs, and availability of prenatal
care, 115-117
locality rule, 46
Marijuana, 122, 123
Marriage
age of, relative to onset of puberty, 72-73
see also Unmarried women
Maternal and child health
contraception and, 5~55
current status, 98-99
poverty and, 98
research needs on, 151
sources of care, 101
substance abuse and, 122-123
teenage childbearing and, 9, 79
Maternal and Child Health Services Block
grants, 117
Maternal mortality, 54-55, 56, 62, 90
Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein screening,
135
Medicaid
application procedures, and prenatal care,
112-113, 117-118, 124
continuous eligibility option, 118
and contraceptive availability, 71
expenditures relative to teenage
pregnancies, 9, 81, 87
and infertility treatment, 36
physician acceptance of, 113-114, 124
prenatal care under, 101, 105-106, 111,
112-113, 117, 121, 124
reimbursement rates, 115
Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act, 113
Menstrual cycle, 15-16, 18, 128
treatment of irregularities in, 63, 64, 65
Menstrual inducers, 43, 66
Mental retardation, 107, 129, 132
Mifepristone, 66
Migrant and Rural Health Centers, 117
Miscarriage, 8, 79, 122, 134
Morphine, 128
Morula, 149
National Bureau of Economic Research, 106
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INDEX
National Center for Health Statistics, 4, 70,
108, 112
National Commission to Prevent Infant
Mortality, 97
National Fertility Survey, 15
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious
Diseases, 19
National Institutes of Health, 51, 142, 150
National Natality Survey, 110
National Research Council Panel on
Adolescent Pregnancy and
Childbearing, 72, 74-77, 81
National Survey of Family Growth, 4-5, 15,
36, 44 45, 57-58, 75, 110
National Survey of Young Women, 75-76
Native Americans, prenatal care for, 109
Neonatal intensive care, 100, 107
Neurodevelopmental handicaps, 100,
102-103, 122
Newborns
and congenital anomalies, 103, 122
and neurodevelopmental handicaps, 100,
102-103, 122
respiratory tract problems, 103
screening for defects, 133
side effects of technology, 103
see also Low birthweight; Premature births
Nonoxynol-9, 64
Norethindrone, 65
Norigest, 65
Norplant
availability and effectiveness, 8, 49, 64, 90
postmarketing surveillance program, 51
Nurse-midwives, restrictions on, 115
Office of Technology Assessment, 29, 36,
42-43, 97, 101, 102, 104, 105, 108,
140, 142
Omnibus Reconciliation Act of 1987, 105,
113
Oocytes, see Eggs, human
Oral contraceptives, see Birth control pills
Ortho Pharmaceutical Corporation, 43, 45,
48, 49
Ovaries, 15, 19, 20, 23
cysts and cancer, 56, 63
Ovulation
control of, 127
detection, 20, 25
disorders, 3, 5, 20, 127, 128, 145
process, 15
171
restoration of, 127
treatment of disorders, 21
Patient dumping, 102, 147
Peer pressure, teenage pregnancy and, 75
Pelvic inflammatory disease, 19, 45, 56, 61,
63, 90
Phenylketonuria, 129, 132, 136
Physicians
acceptance of Medicaid patients, 113-114,
124
credentials, 29
inaccessibility for prenatal care, 11~115,
116
malpractice insurance costs, 115- 116
Pituitary gland, 18, 20, 21, 127
Policy issues
family planning, 161
federal support of reproductive health
research, 159
infertility treatment, 159-160
maternity care system improvements, 160
process for public policy, 161-162
standards, licensing, and regulation of IVF
clinics, 159
teenage pregnancy and sexual activity, 161
Polymerase chain reaction, 140
Population Council, 45, 48, 50, 51, 65
Population Crisis Committee, 54
Population growth
contraception and, 41-42, 53-54
in developing countries, 53, 54
Poverty
and contraceptive availability, 71
and infant mortality, 98, 101-102, 124
and low birthweight, 101, 104
and prenatal care, 110
and teenage pregnancy, 69, 72, 73, 94
Preembryo, 17
Pregnancy
adverse outcomes, and insurance status,
112
clinical/successful, 31, 32
complications, 55, 79
testing services, 117
tubal or ectopic, 23, 32, 56
unintended, 1, 2, 44, 53, 54, 62, 70, 88
vaccine, 42
see also Teenage pregnancy and parenthood
Pregnancy Discrimination Act, 112
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172
Premature births
financial costs of, 2
neonatal intensive care units, 100
substance abuse and, 122
among teenagers, 79
see also Low birthweight
Prenatal care
attitudes about, 120-121
for blacks, Hispanics, and Native
Americans, 10, 109, 160
and child care problems, 119
clinic access problems, 113-114, 119-120
cost-effectiveness of, 10, 105-107, 160
cultural and personal barriers to, 12~123
definition of good care, 10, 105, 107-108
educational attainment and, 109
financial deterrents, 110-113
homelessness, and prenatal care, 121
importance of, 9-10, 160
and infant mortality, 10, 97, 105, 106, 109
and low birthweight, 10, 97, 105, 106
and malpractice insurance costs, 115- 117
by nurse-midwives, 115
obstacles to, 98, 101, 112- 123
physician inaccessibility, 114-115
policy goals, 160
for poor women, 98, 101, 105-106, 110
populations receiving insufficient care,
107-111
programs, 117-118
research needs on, 123
studies of, 105
substance abuse, 121 - 123
for teenagers, 79, 108, 121
testing for birth defects, 133-136
and transportation problems, 118
for uninsured women, 11~111
for unmarried women, 108-109
use rates, 10, 108
for women with many children, 109-110
Progesterone, 21
Progestins, 64, 65
Progestogens, 41, 56, 63, 65, 66
Prolactin, 21
Prostaglandins, 46, 66
Puberty
early onset of, and delayed marriage,
72-73
hormones controlling, 127-128
and social maturity, 2
research needs on, 92
INDEX
Public assistance, teenage pregnancy and,
81-82, 87
Radio immune as say, 25
Recombinant DNA technology, 10-11, 136
Regulation
of artificial insemination, 28
Religious involvement
and sexual conservatism, 89, 94
and teenage pregnancy, 73-74
Reproduction
brain's role in, 18, 20, 21, 126-129, 140
human process, 15-18
nutrition and, 128
research needs on, 150-151, 159
Reproductive health
ethical issues, 10-12
status of Americans, 1-2
see also Contraception and contraceptives;
Infertility; Prenatal care; Teenage
pregnancy and parenthood
Reproductive tract
damage to, 19-20
see also Infertility
Research needs
evaluation components for intervention
programs, 93
on infertility, 37
on prenatal care, 123
on reproductive health, 159
on teenage parenthood, 92-93
Respiratory distress syndrome, 103
Respiratory tract problems in premature
babies, 103
Retrolental fibroplasia, 103
Rhythm method, 7
Right-to-life movement, 3-4
and contraceptive availability, 66
and contraceptive development, 7-8, 46
and embryo research, 11, 154
RU 486, 43, 66, 91
Seizure disorders, 102
Self Center program, 85-86
Self-mutilation, 132
Sex education
barriers to, 2, 85
and contraceptive use, 60-61, 76-78
costs of, 87
deficiencies in programs, 85
parental role, 74
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INDEX
in schools, 8~85
Self Center program, 85-86
and sex promotion on television, 9, 88, 92
and sexual behavior, 77, 86
and teenage pregnancies, 9, 77-78, 84-87
Sexual activity
age at initiation, 43
AIDS and, 7
by children of teenage mothers, 83
contraceptive use and, 52-53, 91
family structure and, 74
sex education and, 86
and sex promotion on television, 88, 92, 94
of teenagers, 8, 70, 72-74, 85-86, 90,
93-94, 161
Sexually transmitted diseases
contraceptive use and, 61, 63-65
in donor sperm, 24, 25
infertility from, 5, 15, 19-20, 160
substance abuse and, 122
Sickle cell disease, 132, 134, 13~137
Social issues, see Ethical and social issues
Special Supplemental Food Program for
Women, 117
Sperm
biochemical interaction with zone
pellucida, 21
chromosome defects in, 138
deficiencies causing infertility, 5, 2~23, 37
donated, infection-free, 6, 24, 25, 152; see
also Artificial insemination
fresh, and pregnancy rate, 2~25
frozen, 25, 29, 37
hostile reaction by cervical mucus, 22, 23,
25
penetration tests, 28
preparation for in vitro fertilization, 26, 28
production, maturation, and fertilization of
eggs, 16-17, 23, 127, 129, 144
treatment of deficiencies in, 21, 22-23
Spermicides, 57, 63 64, 92
Spina bifida, 135
Sponges (contraceptive), availability and
effectiveness, 64
Standards for new technologies
for embryo research, 154-155
for IVF and GIFT, 27-28
Sterilization, 57, 58, 63
Stillbirths, 79
Strabismus, 102
Substance abuse, and prenatal care, 121-123
173
Surgeon General, 1990 goal for high-risk
women, 107
Surgery
fallopian tube reconstruction, 5
for infertility in women, 5, 23
for varicocele, 22-23
Synthetic glucocorticoid hormones, 21
Syphilis, 24
Tamoxifen citrate, 22
Tay-Sachs disease, 132
Teenage pregnancy and parenthood, 8-9
and abortions, 8, 53-54, 69, 79, 91
access to contraceptives and, 88-91
age at puberty/age at marriage and, 72-73
birth rates, 8
chastity promotion and, 87-88
children of teenage mothers, 9, 69, 79,
82-84
and cognitive development in children, 82
consequences of, 2, 78-84
contraceptive use and, 71-72, 75-78, 94
economic costs of, 2, 9, 81-82, 87
and educational attainment, 80, 83
educational goals and, 73
family relationships and, 7~75
family structure and, 72-74, 83
health risks associated with, 8-9, 79, 90,
104 105, 108, 124
and income, 9, 8(~81
and job opportunities, 9, 80
peer pressure and, 75
poverty and, 69, 72, 73, 83, 89, 94
precursors of, 71-75, 94
and prenatal care, 79, 108, 121
prevention of, 77, 8~92, 94
rates, 1, 8, 53, 62, 69, 7~71, 78-79, 94,
160, I61
religious involvement and, 73-74
research needs on, 92-93, 161
scope of the problem, 7~71
sex education and, 9, 77-78, 84-87, 88
Test tube babies' 3, 25, 28; see also In vitro
fertilization
Thalassemia, 131, 132, 134, 136
Title V Maternal and Child Health, 112
Title XX Adolescent Family Life Act' 87
Transdermal delivery of hormones, 65
Twins
identical, 17
Siamese, 18
OCR for page 174
174
Ultrasound, 20, 25, 31, 134-136
Uninsured women
outcomes for infants of, 111, 124
prevalence of, 98
use of prenatal care, 2, 11~113
Unmarried women, use of prenatal care,
108-109
Upjohn Company, 46
Urinary tract infections, 64-65
U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services, 3~35, 154, 162
Vaccine against pregnancy, 42
Vaginal rings, 49, 65
Vaginal suppositories, 42, 64
INDEX
Varicocele, surgical treatment for, 22-23
Withdrawal, 7, 55, 57, 78
World Fertility and Contraceptive Prevalence
Surveys, 54
World Health Organization, 58, 65
definition of low birthweight, 99
postmarketing surveillance program for
contraceptives, 51
testing guidelines for contraceptives, 5~51
Wyeth, 43
Zona pellucida, 16, 21
Zygote, 17, 149
Representative terms from entire chapter:
teenage pregnancy
