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NCHRP Report 689: Costs of Alternative Revenue-Generation Systems (2011)
National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP)

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Balducci, Patrick, Shao, Gang, Amos, Albert, Rufolo, Anthony, Transportation Research Board. "2.3.2 Review of U.S. Experience." NCHRP Report 689: Costs of Alternative Revenue-Generation Systems. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2011.

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Front Matter (R1-R11)
Summary (1-4)
1.1 Research Objectives (5-5)
1.3 Report Structure (6-6)
2.1.1 Motor Fuel Tax Administration and Enforcement Practices (7-9)
2.2.1 Overview of Tolling Systems and Current Practices (10-11)
2.2.4 Electronic Toll Collection and Video Tolling (12-15)
2.2.5 Congestion Management (16-16)
2.2.6 Leakage Rates (17-18)
2.2.7 Administrative Fees and Criminalization of Toll Violations (19-19)
2.2.8 Tolling Administrative Cost Estimation and Comparisons (20-20)
2.3.1 Prices Set to Improve Management of the Road System (21-21)
2.3.2 Review of U.S. Experience (22-24)
2.3.4 Discussion of Issues Related to VMT Fees (25-25)
2.4.1 Singapore (26-27)
2.4.2 London (28-30)
2.4.3 Oslo (31-32)
2.4.4 Stockholm (33-34)
2.4.5 Milan (35-35)
2.5.1 Westminster City Council's Parking Program (36-37)
2.5.2 SFpark Smart Parking Management Program (38-40)
2.5.3 Chicago Parking System: Chicago Parking Meters, LLC (41-43)
3.1.2 IntelliDrive Preliminary Proof of Concept (44-44)
3.1.3 Technology Components of the System (45-47)
3.1.4 Tested Functionalities of the System (48-49)
3.2.1 Objectives and Benefits of Fleet Management Systems (50-50)
3.2.2 Satellite-Based Fleet Management: Expanded Satellite-Based Mobile Communications Tracking System (51-52)
3.3.1 Objectives of CVISN (53-53)
3.3.2 Specifications of CVISN (54-54)
3.3.4 The Current Status of the CVISN (55-55)
3.4 Electric Cars and Smart Charging Software (56-56)
3.4.3 Electric Vehicle Implications for Revenue Collection (57-57)
3.4.4 Regional Influences on Electric Vehicle Market Penetration (58-58)
3.4.6 Funding Sources (59-60)
4.1 Cost Accounting Framework (61-61)
4.2.2 Determination of Sample States (62-63)
4.2.3 Identification of Responsible Agencies Within Sample States (64-64)
4.2.6 Summary Data for 2003 through 2007 (65-65)
4.2.9 Data from Eight Sample States (66-67)
4.2.10 Analysis of Survey Results (68-69)
4.3.1 Methodology (70-70)
4.3.3 Data Sources, Coverage, and Limitations (71-71)
4.3.4 General Findings - Operational Costs (72-73)
4.3.5 Administrative Costs (74-74)
4.3.6 Collection Costs (75-76)
4.3.9 Capital Costs (77-77)
4.4.1 Types of VMT Fees (78-80)
4.4.2 Method for Generating Cost Data for Dutch VMT Fee Systems (81-81)
4.4.3 Cost Classification and Cost Data (82-84)
4.5 Cost Estimates for Cordon Pricing Systems (85-85)
4.6 Cost Estimates for Parking Pricing Systems (86-87)
5.2 Comparison Within Revenue Systems (88-88)
5.2.2 Tolling (89-89)
5.2.4 Cordon and Parking Pricing (90-91)
5.3 Comparison Between Revenue Systems (92-92)
5.4.1 Motor Fuel Taxes (93-94)
5.4.2 Tolling (95-100)
5.4.3 VMT Fees (101-103)
5.4.4 Cordon Pricing (104-104)
5.4.5 Parking Fees (105-105)
6.1.2 Tolling (106-106)
6.2 Costs to Administer the Current and Alternative Revenue-Generation Systems Examined in This Report (107-107)
6.3 Policy Implications (108-108)
6.4.1 Potential Impediments (109-109)
References (110-113)
Appendix A - Oregon VMT Pay-at-the-Pump System Case Study (114-117)
Appendix B - Survey Questionnaire for Collecting Fuel-TaxRelated Cost Data (118-120)
Appendix C - Parameter Data and Detailed Cost Estimates (121-124)
Appendix D - Acronyms (125-127)
Abbreviations used without definitions in TRB publications (128-128)