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Table 16. Characteristics of the potential alternative
revenue-generation systems.
System Potential Obstacles
IntelliDrive Adds two-way communication capabilities Still in the testing stage
system to vehicles and links them with Several years away from
transportation infrastructure broad deployment
Has a tolling and electronic payment
subsystem
Uses dedicated short-range
communication (DSRC) and GPS
FMS Capable of tracking vehicles Needs to be tested on a large
Uses satellite- and/or cellular-based number and variety of vehicles
technologies May need to merge satellite-
based and cellular-based
communication technologies
CVISN Successfully deployed in more than 20 Lacks ability to track VMT and
states protect privacy
Cost-effective design by linking together Lack of alternative revenue-
the existing states' information systems generation systems at the
state level
Electric cars Zero emissions from tailpipe Uncertainty of battery
and smart Alternative fuels charging/switching
charging Costs of batteries
Application of smart charging software to
software
manage the supply and demand of the Uncertainty regarding the
electric grid collection and distribution of
utility taxes
· Uses the Michigan Service Delivery Node (MI SDN), RSE on the tested Michigan roads. This system has also been
and tested in California.
· Uses the Michigan Network Access Point (MI NAP).
3.1.3 Technology Components
Figure 16 shows an architectural overview of the Michigan
of the System
test bed. The Enterprise Network Operation Center (ENOC),
located in Virginia, is used to monitor the performance of the Within the IntelliDrive system there is a subsystem de-
Michigan test bed. Figure 17 demonstrates the locations of the signed specifically for tolling and electronic payment. Key
Table 17. Changes to IntelliDrive, 2003 to 2009.
Previously Considered Changed To Unchanged
DSRC only Technology options Connectivity for V2V and V2I(*)
Original equipment Aftermarket and retrofit National level interoperability
manufacturer (OEM) considered Open standards for communications and
production units only data
Light vehicle focus All vehicle types DSRC for safety
Prototyping/proof of Focus toward deployment Safety, mobility, and convenience applications
concept
Limited stakeholders Broader stakeholder Must not compromise on safety or security
engagement
Limited visibility by Greater program transparency Must protect privacy
outsiders
U.S. focus International harmonization
Loosely coupled programs Strong, collective U.S. DOT Continued close collaboration among U.S. DOT,
support, coordination, and AASHTO/local agencies, and vehicle
leadership manufacturers
(*) V2V and V2I denote vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communication.
Source: Schagrin, 2009
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Source: U.S. DOT Research and Innovative Technology Administration, 2009
Figure 16. Architectural overview of the Michigan test bed.
Source: Schagrin, 2009
Figure 17. Michigan development test environment.
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Source: The VII Consortium, 2009
Figure 18. OBE with other external parts (left) and cables (right).
technological components of the tolling subsystem include · The HMI is an interface between the OBE and humans.
onboard equipment (OBE), humanmachine interface (HMI) The HMI is capable of providing visual and audio messages.
manager, and antennas. The components are designed with Figure 20 displays a tolling-related message. In addition, the
the following capabilities: HMI is capable of providing information related to signs,
navigation, gas, and parking.
· The OBE is a self-contained and independent computing · Antenna for DSRC/GPS: The OBE has two types of antennae
system with its own hardware, software applications, and to meet the requirements of DSRC and GPS since they use
external parts. The OBE's central processing unit is designed different parts of the radio spectrum. DSRC requires good
on an Intel-processorbased computer using a Linux oper- coverage in all azimuth directions, while GPS requires good
ating system with capabilities of communicating with net- coverage both in the vertical and azimuth directions for
work and RSE, and managing tolling and payments. Figure 18 receiving signals from space. Also, the GPS antenna needs
shows the OBE with and without cables. Figure 19 shows the low-noise amplifiers to reduce noise in GPS signals received.
mounted OBE in a vehicle. Figure 21 shows an antenna with dual capabilities for DSRC/
GPS, mounted on the rear roof of a van.
· The RSE is a self-contained unit installed in a location for
sending and receiving signals between vehicles and the net-
work. The RSE is capable of announcing the services offered
Source: The VII Consortium, 2009
Source: The VII Consortium, 2009
Figure 20. Display of a tolling-related
Figure 19. The mounted OBE. message.
