NCHRP Report 689: Costs of Alternative Revenue-Generation Systems

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Table of Contents
Front Matter R1-R11
Summary 1-4
1.1 Research Objectives 5-5
1.3 Report Structure 6-6
2.1.1 Motor Fuel Tax Administration and Enforcement Practices 7-9
2.2.1 Overview of Tolling Systems and Current Practices 10-11
2.2.4 Electronic Toll Collection and Video Tolling 12-15
2.2.5 Congestion Management 16-16
2.2.6 Leakage Rates 17-18
2.2.7 Administrative Fees and Criminalization of Toll Violations 19-19
2.2.8 Tolling Administrative Cost Estimation and Comparisons 20-20
2.3.1 Prices Set to Improve Management of the Road System 21-21
2.3.2 Review of U.S. Experience 22-24
2.3.4 Discussion of Issues Related to VMT Fees 25-25
2.4.1 Singapore 26-27
2.4.2 London 28-30
2.4.3 Oslo 31-32
2.4.4 Stockholm 33-34
2.4.5 Milan 35-35
2.5.1 Westminster City Council's Parking Program 36-37
2.5.2 SFpark Smart Parking Management Program 38-40
2.5.3 Chicago Parking System: Chicago Parking Meters, LLC 41-43
3.1.2 IntelliDrive Preliminary Proof of Concept 44-44
3.1.3 Technology Components of the System 45-47
3.1.4 Tested Functionalities of the System 48-49
3.2.1 Objectives and Benefits of Fleet Management Systems 50-50
3.2.2 Satellite-Based Fleet Management: Expanded Satellite-Based Mobile Communications Tracking System 51-52
3.3.1 Objectives of CVISN 53-53
3.3.2 Specifications of CVISN 54-54
3.3.4 The Current Status of the CVISN 55-55
3.4 Electric Cars and Smart Charging Software 56-56
3.4.3 Electric Vehicle Implications for Revenue Collection 57-57
3.4.4 Regional Influences on Electric Vehicle Market Penetration 58-58
3.4.6 Funding Sources 59-60
4.1 Cost Accounting Framework 61-61
4.2.2 Determination of Sample States 62-63
4.2.3 Identification of Responsible Agencies Within Sample States 64-64
4.2.6 Summary Data for 2003 through 2007 65-65
4.2.9 Data from Eight Sample States 66-67
4.2.10 Analysis of Survey Results 68-69
4.3.1 Methodology 70-70
4.3.3 Data Sources, Coverage, and Limitations 71-71
4.3.4 General Findings - Operational Costs 72-73
4.3.5 Administrative Costs 74-74
4.3.6 Collection Costs 75-76
4.3.9 Capital Costs 77-77
4.4.1 Types of VMT Fees 78-80
4.4.2 Method for Generating Cost Data for Dutch VMT Fee Systems 81-81
4.4.3 Cost Classification and Cost Data 82-84
4.5 Cost Estimates for Cordon Pricing Systems 85-85
4.6 Cost Estimates for Parking Pricing Systems 86-87
5.2 Comparison Within Revenue Systems 88-88
5.2.2 Tolling 89-89
5.2.4 Cordon and Parking Pricing 90-91
5.3 Comparison Between Revenue Systems 92-92
5.4.1 Motor Fuel Taxes 93-94
5.4.2 Tolling 95-100
5.4.3 VMT Fees 101-103
5.4.4 Cordon Pricing 104-104
5.4.5 Parking Fees 105-105
6.1.2 Tolling 106-106
6.2 Costs to Administer the Current and Alternative Revenue-Generation Systems Examined in This Report 107-107
6.3 Policy Implications 108-108
6.4.1 Potential Impediments 109-109
References 110-113
Appendix A - Oregon VMT Pay-at-the-Pump System Case Study 114-117
Appendix B - Survey Questionnaire for Collecting Fuel-TaxRelated Cost Data 118-120
Appendix C - Parameter Data and Detailed Cost Estimates 121-124
Appendix D - Acronyms 125-127
Abbreviations used without definitions in TRB publications 128-128

Table of Contents

Front Matter R1-R11

Summary 1-4

1.1 Research Objectives 5-5

1.3 Report Structure 6-6

2.1.1 Motor Fuel Tax Administration and Enforcement Practices 7-9

2.2.1 Overview of Tolling Systems and Current Practices 10-11

2.2.4 Electronic Toll Collection and Video Tolling 12-15

2.2.5 Congestion Management 16-16

2.2.6 Leakage Rates 17-18

2.2.7 Administrative Fees and Criminalization of Toll Violations 19-19

2.2.8 Tolling Administrative Cost Estimation and Comparisons 20-20

2.3.1 Prices Set to Improve Management of the Road System 21-21

2.3.2 Review of U.S. Experience 22-24

2.3.4 Discussion of Issues Related to VMT Fees 25-25

2.4.1 Singapore 26-27

2.4.2 London 28-30

2.4.3 Oslo 31-32

2.4.4 Stockholm 33-34

2.4.5 Milan 35-35

2.5.1 Westminster City Council's Parking Program 36-37

2.5.2 SFpark Smart Parking Management Program 38-40

2.5.3 Chicago Parking System: Chicago Parking Meters, LLC 41-43

3.1.2 IntelliDrive Preliminary Proof of Concept 44-44

3.1.3 Technology Components of the System 45-47

3.1.4 Tested Functionalities of the System 48-49

3.2.1 Objectives and Benefits of Fleet Management Systems 50-50

3.2.2 Satellite-Based Fleet Management: Expanded Satellite-Based Mobile Communications Tracking System 51-52

3.3.1 Objectives of CVISN 53-53

3.3.2 Specifications of CVISN 54-54

3.3.4 The Current Status of the CVISN 55-55

3.4 Electric Cars and Smart Charging Software 56-56

3.4.3 Electric Vehicle Implications for Revenue Collection 57-57

3.4.4 Regional Influences on Electric Vehicle Market Penetration 58-58

3.4.6 Funding Sources 59-60

4.1 Cost Accounting Framework 61-61

4.2.2 Determination of Sample States 62-63

4.2.3 Identification of Responsible Agencies Within Sample States 64-64

4.2.6 Summary Data for 2003 through 2007 65-65

4.2.9 Data from Eight Sample States 66-67

4.2.10 Analysis of Survey Results 68-69

4.3.1 Methodology 70-70

4.3.3 Data Sources, Coverage, and Limitations 71-71

4.3.4 General Findings - Operational Costs 72-73

4.3.5 Administrative Costs 74-74

4.3.6 Collection Costs 75-76

4.3.9 Capital Costs 77-77

4.4.1 Types of VMT Fees 78-80

4.4.2 Method for Generating Cost Data for Dutch VMT Fee Systems 81-81

4.4.3 Cost Classification and Cost Data 82-84

4.5 Cost Estimates for Cordon Pricing Systems 85-85

4.6 Cost Estimates for Parking Pricing Systems 86-87

5.2 Comparison Within Revenue Systems 88-88

5.2.2 Tolling 89-89

5.2.4 Cordon and Parking Pricing 90-91

5.3 Comparison Between Revenue Systems 92-92

5.4.1 Motor Fuel Taxes 93-94

5.4.2 Tolling 95-100

5.4.3 VMT Fees 101-103

5.4.4 Cordon Pricing 104-104

5.4.5 Parking Fees 105-105

6.1.2 Tolling 106-106

6.2 Costs to Administer the Current and Alternative Revenue-Generation Systems Examined in This Report 107-107

6.3 Policy Implications 108-108

6.4.1 Potential Impediments 109-109

References 110-113

Appendix A - Oregon VMT Pay-at-the-Pump System Case Study 114-117

Appendix B - Survey Questionnaire for Collecting Fuel-TaxRelated Cost Data 118-120

Appendix C - Parameter Data and Detailed Cost Estimates 121-124

Appendix D - Acronyms 125-127

Abbreviations used without definitions in TRB publications 128-128