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NCFRP Report 11: Truck Drayage Productivity Guide (2011)
National Cooperative Freight Research Program (NCFRP)

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Transportation Research Board. "Empty Return Process." NCFRP Report 11: Truck Drayage Productivity Guide. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2011.

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Front Matter (R1-R9)
Overview of Port Drayage (1-2)
Purpose and Organization of This Guidebook (3-3)
Additional Port Drayage Resources (4-4)
Port Drayage Transactions (5-5)
Marine Container Terminals (6-7)
Import Drayage Process (8-9)
Empty Return Process (10-10)
Drayage Subprocesses (11-15)
Data and Information Needs (16-16)
Marine Terminal Information Systems (17-19)
Drayage Company Data (20-21)
Local and Regional Traffic Data (22-22)
Surveys (23-27)
Terminal Webcam Data Collection (28-30)
Special Studies (31-32)
Drayage Problems (33-35)
Impacts (36-36)
Solutions (37-37)
Implications for Stakeholders (38-38)
Turn Time Distributions (39-39)
Turn Time Components (40-41)
Suboptimization (42-43)
Need for Buffers (44-44)
Turn Time Solutions (45-46)
Entrance Gate Issues (47-47)
Driver/Truck Arrivals (48-48)
Gate Queuing Solutions (49-52)
Gate Capacity and Working Hours (53-53)
Trouble Tickets (54-57)
Gate Processing Solutions (58-63)
Chassis Logistics (64-64)
Chassis Equipment Issues (65-66)
Chassis Flips (67-67)
Chassis Supply Solutions (68-70)
Container Yard Congestion Impacts (71-71)
Marine Terminal Disruptions (72-74)
Container Yard Solutions (75-75)
Extra Empty Equipment Moves (76-79)
Extra Trip Solutions (80-81)
Port-Area and Port Access Congestion (82-85)
Road and Highway Congestion Solutions (86-87)
Overview (88-92)
Data Sources (93-93)
National Drayage Cost and Emissions Estimates (94-94)
Impacts of Drayage Bottlenecks (95-96)
Implications (97-97)
Abbreviations used without definitions in TRB publications (98-98)

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10 Truck Drayage Productivity Guide Load Shipper Export container 1 Booking 8 Drayage Create Bring Drop off Dispatch Pick up Drayage Firm receives empty Empty to Load to Firm driver Empty Booking order exporter terminal 2b 3 4 5 7 9 Terminal 2a 6 10 Terminal receives Terminal Terminal receives Booking delivers Empty Load Figure 2­4. Generic high-level export drayage process. The empty container is then returned to the marine terminal where the driver goes through the same basic gate and container yard subprocesses. Export Drayage Process Figure 2­4 displays a high-level map of the export drayage process. It differs from the import drayage process in a few basic ways. The cycle starts with an export booking by the shipper, essentially a reservation for an out- bound container on a specific voyage. The booking is assigned a "booking number" and trans- mitted to the drayage firm and the marine terminal. The marine terminal creates an Equipment Delivery Order (EDO) or equivalent, giving the drayage firm permission to pick up an empty container for the export load. · The drayage firm should receive or confirm the empty order via the on-line systems as ex- plained above. Doing so will reduce the chance of exception or delay at the marine terminal. · A driver is dispatched to the terminal and goes through the applicable gate and container yard processes to obtain the empty container. · The empty container is drayed to the shipper's location. The driver either exchanges it for a load (drop and pick) or waits while it is loaded (stay with). · The loaded export container is then drayed to the marine terminal. The export booking num- ber is the key transaction identifier at the gate. Ordinarily, the export container or chassis is inspected and accepted, and an EIR issued. In the absence of any exceptions, the driver will be given instructions on where to take the container within the terminal. Finally, the driver will leave the load and either start another transaction or leave. Empty Return Process After the goods are unloaded from an import container, the empty container must either be returned to the marine terminal, dropped at an off-terminal depot, or reused for an export load. Return to Terminal Most often, the empty container is returned to the marine terminal. At the inbound gate, the driver will identify himself, his firm, and the transaction. The empty container and the chassis will be inspected either in person or via video camera. The driver may be asked to open the doors to