Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter.
Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines.
OCR for page 55
PHYSICAL OPTICS
OCR for page 56
OCR for page 57
Studies of Visual Telescope System
Employing Reflection Optics
Theodore Dunham, Jr.
1951
A subcommittee of the Committee on Vision undertook a study of
the possible uses of optical systems for employing reflecting elements
for visual applications by the Armed Forces in January 1950. Although
particular attention was given to the telescopes recently developed by Dr.
Bouwers and his group in Holland, a number of other designs were also
studied. The group was reorganized in July 1950 as a working group. This
report summarizes the studies done through February 1951 and includes
recommendations for further work in this field.
The basic principle of the reflecting systems discussed is based on
the use of a concave spherical mirror to form an image, together with
a meniscus lens with suitable thickness and surface curvatures to correct
spherical aberration. A system of this type avoids the difficulty ordinarily
encountered in forming, with sufficient accuracy for visual applications, an
aspherical optical surface, such as is required for a Schmidt correcting plate
to serve a similar purpose. Although a meniscus lens cannot provide quite
as perfect correction on the axis as a Schmidt correcting plate, the extent
of useful field of view is considerably greater.
The use of a meniscus lens to correct the spherical aberration of a
concave spherical mirror appears to have been invented independently by
D.D. Maksutov in Russia, ~ Bouwers in Holland, D. Gabor in England,
and H.F. Bennett in the United States. In October 1949, Dr. Bouwers
visited this country and described to several groups including military rep-
resentatives the developments that had been carried out in his laboratory.
These included several types of reflecting monocular and binocular tele-
scopes, microscopes, and cameras, all of which employ meniscus lenses in
combination with one or two spherical mirrors. Many of these systems
appear to have potentially attractive features, from the point of view of
overall dimensions, weight, and simplicity of design. The group was asked
to evaluate the relative advantages of instruments employing reflecting el-
ements compared with comparable conventional refracting systems, giving
particular attention to instruments intended for visual use.
51 pp. 38 figures 9 tables 14 references
Availability: National Technical Information Service (NTIS), 5285 Port
Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161.
57
OCR for page 58
Theory of Slant Visibility
Leonard Foitzik
1952
The meteorological visual range represents an extraordinarily complex
quantity. The definition of the visual range is not uniform. In this report,
the visual range is defined as the distance at which the contrast between
the target and its surroundings equals the threshold of contrast of the eye,
i.e., the target lies just at the boundary of visibility. The parameters are
partly determined by meteorological factors (state of turbidity along the
pyramid of vision, conditions of illumination, cloudiness), partly by the
target properties (position of target, size of target, reflectivity and color
of the target). An additional portion of the parameters can be traced
back to physiological properties of the eye (dependence of the threshold of
contrast on the angular subtense of target, on the target brightness, and on
the target shape.) In meteorology, and especially in synoptic meteorology,
the visual range is of interest primarily because it characterizes the state of
turbidity of the air layers near the surface.
The Koschmieder theory of horizontal visual range is extended, at first,
to inhomogeneous conditions of turbidity along the pyramid of vision, and
a graphical method is presented for the determination of the visual range
with any stratification of turbidity. A formula of visual range is derived for
the case of a uniform decease in turbidity with maease in distance. In
order to be able to apply this formula to the slant-visibility of aerial targets
as observed from the ground, an extension of the formula is necessary for
the consideration of the target size. A graphical method is described by
means of which it is possible to determine the slant-range of a black aerial
target for any target size and target altitude as well as for any condition
of turbidity with uniform decrease in turbidity with altitude. Finally, a
numerical survey of the magnitude of the slant-range of black aerial targets
is presented in several tables.
22 pp. 10 figures 7 tables 7 references
Availabilay: Committee on Vision, 2101 Constitution Ave., N.W., Wash-
ington, D.C. 20418.
58
OCR for page 59
A Bibliography on Reflecting Optics 1925-1950
. .
Stanley S. Ballard
1950 (revised 1955)
This bibliography on reflection optics would be useful to those working
in a field of such increasing interest and importance. Special attention is
given to technical papers that are relatively inaccessible because they appear
in foreign publications or in journals of limited circulation.
The bibliography contains 229 literature references and 58 patents.
Very little material is dated prior to 1934. The best sources of references
were Physics Abstracts and the footnote references found in some articles,
but not, themselves, listed in the abstract journals.
2% pp. no figures no tables 287 entries
Availability: National Technical Information Service (NTIS), 5285 Port
Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161.
59
OCR for page 60
1962 Symposium on Physiological Optics
1962
This report, which appeared as a complete issue of the Journal of
the Optical Society of America, includes the texts of many of the papers
presented at the Optical Society's 1962 spring meeting. The meeting
included sessions on the microanatomy and biochemistry of the visual
system, the electrophysiology of the visual system, refined image formation,
simple discriminatory functions, and contributions to color discrimination
theory.
The papers are as follows: "Structure and Molecular Organization
of Retinal Photoreceptors," J.J. WoLken; "The Problem of Visual ~cita-
tion," G. Wald et al.; "Cellular Physiology of the Retina," W.K Noell;
"Electrical Activity in the Vertebrate Retina," T. Tomita; "Integrative Pro-
cesses in Central Visual Pathways of the Cat," D.H. Hubel; "Functional
Basis for 'On'-Center and 'Off'-Center Receptive Fields in the Retina,"
H.G. Wagner et aL; "Optical Properties of the Retinal Receptors," J.M.
Enoch; "Optical and Motor Factors in the Formation of the Retinal Im-
age," G. Westheimer; "Retinal Image Formation: Review, SummaIy, and
Discussion," G.~ Fly; "Initial Stages of Dark and Light Adaptation," H.D.
Baker; "Increment Threshold and Dark Adaptation," W.~H. Rushton;
"Spatial and Temporal Aspects of Retinal Inhibitory Interaction," F. Ratliff
et al.; "Fluctuation Theory of Luminance and Chromaticibr Discrimina-
tion," M.^ Bouman; "Neural Theories of Simple Visual Discriminations,"
H.R. Blackwell; "Supple Discriminatory Functions: Review, Summary, and
Discussion," C.H. Graham; "Contnbutions of Threshold Measurements
to Color-Discrimination Theory," R.M. Boynton; "Studies of Anomalous
Contrast and Assimilation," H. Helson; "Further Studies on Acquired
Deficiency of Color Discrimination," G. Verriest, and "Contributions to
Color-Discrimination Theory: Review, Summary, and Discussion," L.M.
Hurvich.
201 pp. 316 figures 39 tables 739 references
The Journal of He Optical Society of America VoL 53, No. 1, 1963.
Availability: National Technical Information Service (NTIS), 5285 Port
Royal Road, Spnngfield, VA 22161.
60
OCR for page 61
Current Developments in Optics and Vision
William Benson and Milton ~ Whitcomb, Editors
1968
This report describes the current developments in optics and vision un-
der the following topics: Dynamic Parallax: Dynamic Visual Cues in Flying;
Vision and Driving; Holography: Principles and Properties of Hologram
Photography; Present and Future Applications of Holography; Scientific
Applications of Holography; Image Restoration and Enhancement: The
Elastic Surface Transformation; Image Processing as it Relates to the Hu-
man System; Experiments in Spatial Filtering; Visual Factors Related to
the Design and Use of Direct-View Electro-Optical Devices; The Influence
of Spatial and Temporal Bandwidth on Threshold Contrast Sensitivity of
the Eye; and Visual Detection of Oscilloscopic liacings.
128 pp. 44 figures 3 tables 113 references
Availability: AD 673425, National Technical Information Service (NTIS),
5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161.
61
OCR for page 62
Representative terms from entire chapter:
information service
