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TARGET RECOGNITION
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Visibility: A Bibliography
Morris C. Leibkind and Jack Weiner
1952
This bibliography is intended to provide reference information and
background material for the many research and development projects in
the field of vision being sponsored by the Committee on Vision. It pro-
vides a survey of much of the literature published from 1925 to 1950 on
the subject of visibility as influenced by the various physical, psychological,
and physiological factors inherent in the observer, target, background and
atmosphere, and the engineering applications of visibility data. Such mate-
rial as optical physics, the anatomy and physiology of the eye, pathological
effects on vision, and routine optometrical testing has been excluded.
Only a few of the abstract and index journals issued after 1947 were
systematically searched, although some of the leading scientific journals
were covered through 1950. Many references appended to recent books
and papers have not been included.
In addition, systematic searches were made of selected journals in the
fields of optics, psychology, and meteorology, from 1925 through 1950,
and further references were obtained from many of the papers and books
reviewed. An appreciable amount of material was found by consulting the
catalogs and special collections of a number of libraries.
90 pp. no figures no tables 2,000 entries
Availability: National Technical Information Service (NTISy, 5285 Port
Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161.
65
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The Limiting Capabilities of Unaided Human Vision
in Aerial Reconnaissance
Seibert Q. Duntley
1953
The ability of the human eye to recognize objects on the ground
from moving aircraft is affected by the observer's speed and altitude, by
atmospheric and lighting conditions, by the contrast formed by the object
and its background, by the size and shape of the object, by impediments
to vision imposed by the structure of the aircraft, and by the observer's
environment. This report explores limiting visual capabilities by ignoring
any limitations imposed by environment or by aircraft structure. Established
techniques for the prediction of the limiting range at which objects can be
visually detected have been extended by means of new history and new
data and guided in application by reconnaissance experiments at model
scale. Target recognition has been studied during these experiments, and
correlations between recognition and detection have been found for the
circumstances and targets encountered in visual aerial reconnaissance.
The end product of the work shows the maximum altitudes from
which visual recognition of various military objects is possible from high-
speed aircraft. The data applies only to a nearly cloudless day when the
atmospheric clarity is such that the meteorological range is 10 nautical
miles. The selection of this particular weather and lighting condition
was purely arbitrary. Other conditions, such as clearer weather, hazier
weather, overcast skies, twilight, moonlight, snow cover, etc., could have
been explored by continued calculation. The contribution to be expected
of optical aids to vision (binoculars, etc.) could also have been explored.
9 pp. 3 figures 1 table 5 references
Availability: Committee on Vision, 2101 Constitution Ave., N.W., Wash-
ington, D.C. 20418.
66
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Characteristics of Tank-Mounted Searchlights
for Detection of Ground Targets
H. Richard Blachvell, Seibert Q. Duntley, and Winfred M. Kincaid
1953
The detection of military ground targets at night is difficult to accom-
plish at satisfactorily short ranges. One method of aiding detection is to
provide auxiliary illumination of the ground targets with a searchlight. This
report describes a method for determining the searchlight candlepower
required for detection of specified ground targets and reports a number of
calculations made with this method.
The situation of interest involves a tank-mounted searchlight used
to aid the detection of enemy tanks by gunners in the tank bearing the
searchlight, and by gunners in other tanks deployed in the near vicinity. The
enemy tank may be silhouetted against the sky or against terrain varying in
reflectance. The gunner may attempt to detect the tank with the unaided
eye or may use optical magnification. It is required that the gunners detect
the enemy tank at a range of 1,200 yards under some conditions, 1,500
yards under other conditions. The searchlight will be turned on for short
periods only, so that the gunner has only a few seconds at most to examine
the area illuminated by the searchlight for possible enemy tanks.
The results of the calculations with the searchlight candlepower distri-
bution are described.
32 pp. 9 figures 12 tables no references
Availability: National Technical Information Service (NTIS), 5285 Port
Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161.
67
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Form Discrimination as Related to Military Problems
Joseph W. Wulfeck and John H. Taylor, Editors
1957
The proceedings of the symposium consists of five sessions. Session I
was designed to define the problem of form discrimination and cast it into
perspective within the framework of military applications and the rubrics
of psychophysics, psychophysiology, and general psychology. Session II
was designed to provide up-to-date information about some representative
technical and procedural aspects of conducting research on form discrim-
ination. Session III presented experimental results relating form to the
elementary visual detection process. It served to point out those few pieces
of research that have been conducted on the role of target shape at or near
the brightness or contrast threshold. (Julian Hochberg's paper, not read
at the symposium owing to time limitations, is published here in order to
supplement the other mo presentations.) Session IV essays the jump from
detection to higher-level characterization of the stimulus and acts somewhat
as a catch-all session for presentations of unscheduled papers and those
difficult to fit in elsewhere. The final session represents the results and
conclusions of the symposium.
263 pp. 95 figures
5 tables 60 references
Availability: PB 133133, National Technical Information SeIvice (NTIS),
5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161.
68
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Visual Search Techniques
Ailene Morris and E. Porter Horne
1960
This volume of symposium proceedings deals with visual search, which
continues to be an important tool of the Armed Forces in the avoidance
of midair collisions, in air-sea rescue, in missile detection and guidance,
and for general reconnaissance, surveillance, and lookout. Despite the
advance, made since World War II in the development of electronic and
acoustical methods of target detection, visual performance still plays a
vital role in search operations. Field observations have revealed, however,
that the patterns and procedures followed in visual search for whatever
purpose vary markedly without demonstrable or observable causes for
variation. Operations analysis, detection theory, visual psychophysics, and
atmospheric optics were considered to be among the areas of possible
contributions to the development of a theory of a successful visual search
calculation and of experimental verification.
The purpose of the symposium was to bring together both operational
and research experts on visual search techniques to examine operational
practices and visual research data in order to develop optimal techniques
and procedures. It began with an invited lecture "Operational Background
and Physical Considerations Relative to Visual Search Problems" by ES.
Lamar. In the first session, representatives of the Armed Forces presented
statements of existing doctrine and of operational needs and described
measures that have been taken in practical situations to meet these needs.
The military speakers raised questions to be answered by the scientists
from their research data~uestions that might provide the guidelines for
the compilation of technical information into useful form.
Following the exposition of the practical aspects of visual search, there
was a session comprised of reports on search strategies and probability
functions. The statistical and temporal aspects of the possibility of detection
were presented, the ideal sensor system was discussed, and there was an
analysis of the factors to be considered in developing optimal visual search
procedures.
The basic characteristics of the human eye as related to search were
then described. Through laboratory data and scientific research reviews,
the inherent capabilities of the eye as a receptor, detector, and sensor were
defined.
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Visual performance was illustrated through reports dealing with the
effectiveness of visual search in unstructured fields, complex displays, and
photographs and in aerial surveillance and vigilance tussle.
The comments of the invited discussants were presented as the final
item in the venous sessions. The prepared discussions and some of the
extemporaneous comments made by other participants have been included
in the volume.
256 pp. 112 figures 91 tables 154 references
Availability: AD 234502, National Technical Information Service (NTIS),
5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161.
70
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Feasibility of Describing Visual Demands
of Military Jobs
Victor Fields, Editor
1962
The problem assigned to the working group was to determine whether
the military services are capable of stating the visual demands of military
jobs in such precise and objective terms as to be useful for setting visual
qualification standards.
With this objective in mind, the Navy, the Army, and the Air Force were
invited to make presentations in order to describe and explain the methods
they employed in job analyses, with special emphasis on the procedures for
identifying and defining the visual skills or abilities demanded of personnel
in the performance of their assigned duties.
The procedures employed by occupational analysts in the military
services to determine the required visual skills do not differ from those
used to determine the mental, physical, biographical, and other requisites
for a position. Thus, the statement of the visual requirements of any
position stem from the subjective evaluations made by the occupational
analyst.
At least three uses of visual standards are identified in the brief
summaries of these presentations: (1) entrance, (2) retention, and (3)
assignment.
10 pp. no figures no tables no references
Availability: Committee on Vision, 2101 Constitution Ave., N.W., Wash-
ington, D.C. 20418.
71
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Visual Factors Relating to Optically-Controlled
Indirect-Fire Point Target Weapons
J.W. Gebhard, Editor
1968
Many studies of aerial reconnaissance have been made over the last 25
years. Over 500 papers have been written about what can be seen by the
airborne observer using unaided vision, and much attention has been given
to what the interpreter can see in an aerial photograph. Despite this effort,
specific questions asked about the use of the eyes to detect, recognize,
and identify objects in the ground for purposes of navigation, interdiction,
rescue operations, and intelligence gathering continue to be very difficult
to answer. In recent years, new questions about air-to-ground surveillance
are being raised as a result of using artificial sensors" radar, infrared, and
electro-optics as a means for extending human visual capability. This
report concerns the use of human vision to control an air-to-surface or
surface-to-surface weapon through the intermediary of an airborne sensor
that transmits an image of the ground scene to a remote video display.
The report is limited to visual aspects of the indirect-fire problem.
Existing reviews and bibliographies of air-to-ground target detection, recog-
nition, and identification were consulted, and a special bibliography that
has particular relevance to the problem was prepared. Much, but not all,
of this material has been examined: documents that are cited in the text of
the report are listed separately under References. A glossary is given that
defines terms as they have been used by the working group.
38 pp. no figures 4 tables 292 references
Availabiliy: National Technical Information Service (NTIS), 5285 Port
Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161.
72
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Visual Search
1973
In 1959 the Committee on Vision sponsored a symposium on visual
search. Continued interest in this subject prompted the committee to
sponsor another symposium to survey theoretical and experimental devel-
opments during the past 10 years since the publication of the proceedings
of the 1959 symposium.
The papers in this volume were presented at the committee's annual
meeting in May 1970. Topics covered include: "~perunents in Visual
Search," J.R. Bloomfield; "visual Aspects of Air Collision," J.L" Hams;
"Dynamic Visual Search Patterns," H.L" Snyder; "Detection of Peripheral
Stimuli Under Psychological and Physiological Stress," H.W. Leibowitz;
"Studies of Extrafoveal Discrimination and Detection," L-G. Williams;
"Modulation Transfer Function Area as a Measure of Image Qualibr," H.L.
Snyder; "visual Scanning Behavior," J.W. Senders; and "Visual Information
Storage," R.N. Haber.
150 pp. 90 figures 17 tables 104 references
Availability: AD 754327, National Technical Information Service (NTIS),
5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161.
73
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Visual Processing Issues in Computer-Aided Target
Recognition: Report of a Workshop
Irving Biederman, Azriel Rosenfeld, and Pamela Ebert Flattau, Editors
1988
In the mid-l9SOs, the U.S. Army identified a major shortcoming in
current automatic target recognition (ATR) capabilities and mounted a
demonstration program to determine if an acceptable level of ATR perfor-
mance could be achieved using state-of-the-art systems and multiple-sensor
technologies. One of the main objectives of the program was to perform
demonstrations and trade-off analyses for the development of the light
helicopter.
In response to a request from the U.S. Army Human Engineering Lab-
oratory, the Committee on Vision agreed to organize a workshop on vision
issues related to the use of computer-aided target recognition systems. The
resulting report provides a broad evaluation of the visual factors involved
in the current design of displays specifically for multisensor, computer-
aided target recognition systems. The workshop focused on displays that
incorporate: (1) real-world scene information obtained directly from one
of several sensors on a vehicle and (2) target-cueing symbols generated
by artificial intelligence software operating on incoming data from other
sensors. Discussion was organized around three areas: current use of the
system, potential directions for display enhancement, and mechanisms for
evaluating emerging new systems.
16 pp. 1 figure
no tables 4 references
Availability: Committee on Vision, 2101 Constitution Ave., N.W., Wash-
ington, D.C. 20418.
74
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