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AERONAUTICS
AND SPACE
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Visual Problems of Space Travel
James W. Miller, Editor
1962
A variety of sensory and perceptual problems arise in connection with
space flight, both for the occupants of space vehicles and in certain instances
for support personnel. The solutions to these problems are interrelated
and tremendously complex, thus requiring cooperative efforts among many
scientific disciplines. This report discusses the problems of space flight
insofar as they relate to the visual mechanism.
The report brings together results of pertinent research in both vision
and astronautics. Substantial portions of the publication, Sensory and
Perceptual Problems Related to Space Flight, edited by John L. Brown, have
been quoted in the report.
In addition to updating the Brown report, this report presents a
considerable amount of additional information regarding specific critical
visual problems, as well as a recently completed, extensive bibliography of
research in this field.
55 pp. no figures no tables 153 references
Availability: National Technical Information Sentence (NTIS), 5285 Port
Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161.
9
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Visual Requirements for Flying:
Some Aspects of Reevaluation
Arthur Jampolsly and Aileen Morris
1964
The assignment of the working group that produced this report was
to "reevaluate the visual requirements for flying." The term requirement in
this effort has been interpreted to mean the assessment and classification
of the visual characteristics of military and civilian personnel qualifying to
fly.
Opinions were sought from operational personnel, operationally ori-
ented visual specialists, and visual scientists. The problems were assembled
from the different services and agencies. One of the main problem areas
identified was the rapidly changing and demanding operational require-
ments in flying tasks in which vision was assumed to be important. This
was coupled with the scientist's trend toward extensive validation of visual
standards.
The report is organized into sections as follows: Statement of the
Problem; Visual Classification; Role of the Visual Scientist; Grades of
Visual Fitness; and Specific Recommendations.
25 pp. 1 figure 2 tables 10 references
Availability: Committee on Vision, 2101 Constitution Ave., N.W., Wash-
ington, D.C. 20418.
10
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Vision Research: Flying and Space Travel
Milton ~ Whitcomb and William Benson, Editors
1968
At a two-day meeting in spring 1964, held under the auspices of the
Committee on Vision, papers were presented on visual problems related to
low-altitude, high-speed flight, space travel, and incapacitating effects on
pilots resulting from inadvertent viewing of a nuclear detonation.
This volume is a collection of these papers and represents the proceed-
ings of the meeting. The papers are as follows: "Criteria for Laboratory
Experiments Useful in Field Situations," W.P. Tanner, Jr.; "Visual Fitness
for Space Gavel," ~ Jampolsky et al.; "The Effect of Flash Distribution
and Illuminance-Level Upon the Detection of Low Intensity Light Stim-
uli," R.E. Pennington; "Some Langley Research Center Plans in the Area
of Visual Displays for Lunar Mission Simulation," D.R. Riley and B.M.
Jaquet; "Visual Masking Using Different ~st-Stimulus Patterns," R.C.
Boyle; "Sextant Sighting Performance in the Ames Midcourse Navigation
and Guidance Simulator," R.J. Randle and B.N Lampkin; "Comments on
Major Gordon Cooper's Observations from Orbit," J.H. Taylor; "Gemini
In-Flight Visual-Acuity Experiment," S.Q. Duntley; "Operational Signifi-
cance of the Blindness Problem," W.L. Jones; "The Nature of Radiation
from Nuclear Weapons in Relation to Flash Blindness," J.H. Hill and
G.T. Chisum; "Experimental Investigations of the Flash Blindness Prob-
lem," J.L. Brown; "Methods of Preventing Flash Blindness," F.E. Barstow;
"Air Force Efforts in the Field of Flash Blindness," J.F. Culver; "A Flash
Blindness Indoctrination and Gaining Device," J.F. Parker, Jr.; "Vision
Problems in Low-Altitude, High Speed Flight," J.W. Miller; "Geographic
Orientation During Low-Altitude Flight," J.J. McGrath; "Dynamic Visual
Detection Recognition," C.P. Greening; "Operational Problems Associated
With Low-Altitude Flight," R.W. Bailey; and "Some Operational Aspects
of Visual Problems in Low-Flying, High Speed Aircraft," R.L. Jones and
J.S. Joska.
197 pp. 109 figures 16 tables 109 references
Availability: National Technical Information Service (NTIS), 5285 Port
Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161.
11
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Visual Elements in Flight Simulation
John Lott Brown, Editor
1976
This report summarizes the information gathered by a working group
of the Committee on Vision on visual elements in flight simulators. It
recommends research topics, techniques, and strategies that should receive
more attention.
Flight simulators have now been in use for many years and their
value has been amply proven. Although many of todays simulators are
very expensive, they can pay for themselves by decreasing the cost and
increasing the safety of learning to fly complex and expensive modern
aircraft. Some aspects of aircraft control depend on an exterior view from
the aircraft of the outside visual world. Gaining in these aspects of flight
in a simulator therefore requires that the visual world be simulated to the
extent that cues derived from it need to be employed by the pilot. There
are a number of maneuvers that cannot be performed without direct visual
contact under normal circumstances in commercial as well as in military
aviation. The importance of including a simulation of the external world
is now acknowledged. Unfortunately, there is currently no solid scientific
basis for cataloguing visual cues with respect to their importance in aircraft
control As a consequence, current efforts to create appropriate visual
simulations run the gamut from efforts toward almost complete replication
of the visual world to highly schematized, two-dimensional perspective
displays on cathode-ray tubes.
12 pp. no figures no tables 20 references
Availability: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine Vol. 47, No. 9,
pp. 913-924, 1976.
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Vision Research for Flight Simulation: Report on a
Workshop on Simulation of Low-Level Flight
Whitman Richard and Key Dismukes, Editors
1982
This report was prepared on the basis of a workshop on issues in vision
research on flight-training simulators, particularly those using computer
image generation techniques. Examples of research strategies by individual
authors appear as appendix papers to this report.
Appendices A through F provide examples of research areas and ap-
proaches that might help elucidate several long-range issues confronted
in visual simulation. Primarily, emphasis is given to low-level flight, in
which extraction of visual information from terrain features is crucial but
little understood. Several strategies are suggested for exploring which vi-
sual features should be used in low-level flight: systematic condensation
of opinions, particularly those of pilots (Appendix A), geometric analysis
of potentially usable terrain information (Appendix B), and psychophysical
analysis of visual processing modalities (Appendices C and D). Appendix
E examines equipment requirements for display of whatever visual infor-
mation is chosen. It also addresses characteristics of visual displays that
limit the kind of information that can be displayed. Thus, Appendix E
complements the other appendices and is applicable to visual simulation of
any flight environment. Several authors have suggested particular lines of
research that could be followed within their paradigms.
The report also summarizes the theoretical perspective and working
assumptions of the strategies covered to illustrate their power and limita-
tions. An extended example is given to show how the strategies might be
combined to analyze visual information requirements for low-level flight.
The complementarily of these research strategies is emphasized.
99 pp. 8 figures 1 table 134 references
Avaiiabilay: Publication on Demand, National Academy Press, 2101 Con-
stitution Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20418.
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Representative terms from entire chapter:
space travel
