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TRANSPORTATION
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The Visual Factors in Automobile Driving:
Summary Report of a Symposium
1958
In the Armed Forces in the 1950s more deaths were caused by auto
accidents than any other cause; auto accidents were also the leading cause
of loss of time in the hospital. The prevention of these deaths and injuries
was considered a fertile field for preventive medicine. A symposium was
held to discuss visual factors in automobile driving and to suggest selection
criteria for automobile drivers, including visual qualifications.
Because of the large amount of material to be covered in the outlining
of the visual task the discussion omitted reference to accident prevention,
visual standards, driver licensing, fatigue, alcohol (including the effects of
eye diseases), and defects in visual capabilities. Since vision is depen-
dent upon light, variations in the intensity, spectral distribution, scattering,
reflection and other physical characteristics were carefully considered.
During almost all of the driving task the eye is not in a fixed position
in relationship to the objects from which it is gleaning information. The
motion of the automobile and its driver produce changes in visual abilities
over the static situation; some abilities are enhanced, some reduced.
The framework within which the visual factors were considered focused
on the following visual factors:
1. Detection awareness of the presence of something.
2. Recognition recognition of the object.
3. Dynamic relationships significance of position, speed, and direc-
tion of travel.
25 pp. no figures no tables 71 references
Availability: Committee on Vision, 2101 Constitution Ave., N.W., Wash-
ington, D.C. 20418.
77
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Visual Factors in Transportation Systems
~9
A symposium was held in spring of 1969, bringing together people
experienced in day-to-day operations in transportation systems with persons
doing research on visual problems involved in these systems. The purpose
of this juxtaposition was to encourage an exchange of information among
operational people, managers of research, and research workers. It was
hoped that a firsthand account of visual problems by operators would call
attention to any problems that might be slighted in current research efforts
and that this exchange of information might have some salutary effect on
plans for future research.
The papers presented in this volume represent the proceedings of the
symposium. In section one, The Highway Transportation System, the fol-
lowing papers are presented: "Visual Problems of Pluck and Bus Drivers,"
W.C. Neidig; "visual Problems in Automobile Dnving," W.M. Heath; "Fac-
tors in Visibility and Legibility of Highway Signs and Markings," T.W.
Forbes; "Requirements for Automobile Exterior Lighting," R.G. Martimer;
and "Factors in Highway lighting," D.M. Finch. In section two, The Air
Transportation System, the following papers are presented: "Selected Vi-
sual Problems of an Airline Pilot," H.W. Orlady; "Visual Problems of the
Air Traffic Controller," P.N Nelson; "Some Display Concepts in Air Marc
Control," D.W. Connolly; "The Helicopter in High Density Traffic," J.K
Crosley, et aL; "Measurement of Height and Distance Information Pro-
vided Pilots by the Extra-Cockpit Visual Scene," C.L~ Kraft; and "Visual
Illusions in Aircraft Accidents," D.G. Pitts.
131 pp. 38 figures 6 tables
135 references
Availably: PB 1~14, National Technical Information Seem (~S),
5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161.
78
Representative terms from entire chapter:
following papers
