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Design Fires in Road Tunnels (2011)

Chapter: References

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Page 123
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Design Fires in Road Tunnels. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14562.
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Page 123
Page 124
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Design Fires in Road Tunnels. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14562.
×
Page 124
Page 125
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Design Fires in Road Tunnels. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14562.
×
Page 125

Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

124 1. NCHRP Report 525, Volume 12: Surface Transportation Security, and TCRP Report 86: Making Transportation Tunnels Safe and Secure, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2006. 2. Underground Transportation Systems in Europe: Safety, Operations, and Emergency Response, Report FHWA- PL-06-016, International Technology Scanning Program, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., June 2006. 3. American Association of State Highway and Trans- portation Officials, Technical Manual for Design and Construction of Road Tunnels—Civil Elements, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., 2010. 4. American Association of State Highway and Transporta- tion Officials, Recommendations for Bridge and Tunnel Security, Prepared by The Blue Ribbon Panel on Bridge and Tunnel Security for AASHTO, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., Sep. 2003. 5. Thompson, K., Best Practices for Roadway Tunnel Design, Construction, Maintenance, and Operation, NCHRP 20-68A, Scan 09-05, U.S. Domestic Scan Program SCOBS 2010 Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C., 31 pp. 6. Khoury, G., “Common Safety/UPTUN Safety Philoso- phy Leading to the Global Approach to Tunnel Safety” [Online]. Available: www.itaaites.org/cms/fileadmin/ filemounts/. . ./GAKhoury.pdf. 7. Prevention and Control of Highway Tunnel Fires, Report FHWA-RD-83-032, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., 1986. 8. Both, C., Tunnel Safety: Results of the Largest European Research Project, International Conference on Fire Suppression in Tunnels, IWMA, Munich, Germany, Apr. 2008. 9. Fire in Tunnels, FIT General Report, Thematic Network Fire in Tunnels, Brussels, Belgium, Jan. 4, 2006. 10. “First International Symposium on Safe and Reliable Tunnels” [Online]. Available: www.dartsproject.net. 11. Molag, M., “Risk Assessment Guidelines for Tunnels,” Safe and Reliable Tunnels, Innovative European Achieve- ments, Second International Symposium, Lausanne, Switzerland, 2006. 12. Marques, A. and M. Serrano, “Decision Support for Emergency in Roads,” Safe and Reliable Tunnels: Inno- vative European Achievements, Second International Symposium, Lausanne, Switzerland, 2006. 13. Beer, G., “Virtual Training,” Safe and Reliable Tunnels: Innovative European Achievements, Second International Symposium, Lausanne, Switzerland, 2006. 14. Beer, G. and T. Reichl, “Virtual Fires a Virtual Reality Simulator for Tunnel Fires,” VKM-THD Mitteilungen, Publisher Univ.-Prof. Dr. Helmut Eichlseder, Vol. 84, 2004, 2nd Symposium/2. Tagung, “Tunnel Safety and Ventilation,” Sicherheit und Beluftung von Tunnelanla- gen, Apr. 19–21, 2004, P. Sturm and S. Minarik, Eds., pp. 175–180. 15. Sauter, R., “EuroTAP: European Tunnel Assessment Programme,” Safe and Reliable Tunnels: Innovative European Achievements, Second International Sympo- sium, Lausanne, Switzerland, 2006. 16. “Minimum Levels of Safety in European Road Tun- nels,” EU Directive 2004/54/EC, European Parliament, Luxembourg. 17. Amberg, F., “L-surF—Test Sites for Full Scale Fire Testing in Tunnels,” International Conference on Fire Suppression in Tunnels, IWMA, Munich, Germany, Apr. 2008. 18. Allowable Hydrogen Permeation Rate for Automotive Applications, Deliverable D74 (InsHyde)—FINAL with Corr. 1 of 28.02.2009. 19. Initial Guidance for Using Hydrogen in Confined Spaces, Results from InsHyde, Jan. 30, 2009, 90 pp. 20. Rhodes, N. and M. Macdonald, Fire in Tunnels FIT Technical Report—Part 3. Fire Response Management: Thematic Network Fire in Tunnels, Brussels, Belgium, 2006. 21. PIARC, “Fire and Smoke Control in Road Tunnels” 05.05.B, La Defense, France, 1999. 22. ASHRAE Handbook: HVAC Applications, American Society of Heating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, Ga., 2007. 23. Assessment of the Safety of Tunnels Study, European Par- liament, Science and Technology Options Assessment, IP/A/STOA/FWC/2005-28/SC22/29, IPOL/A/STOA/ 2006-26, Brussels, Belgium, May 2006. 24. Braestrup, M.W., Risk Management and Safety Concept for the Øresund Link Immersed Tunnel, American Asso- ciation of State Highway and Transportation Officials Standing Committee on Highways, Safety and Security in Roadway Tunnels, Final Report, Washington, D.C., Mar. 2006. 25. Memorial Tunnel Fire Ventilation Test Program, A Col- lection of Papers from the ASHRAE Meeting, Boston, Mass., June–July 1997, ASHRAE Technical Bulletin, Vol. 13, No. 1. 26. Memorial Tunnel Fire Ventilation Test Program, Test Report, Nov. 1995. 27. Summary of Large Scale Fire Tests in the Runehamar Tunnel in Norway, Conducted in Association with the UPTUN Research Program, J. Brekelmans and R. Bosch, Eds., Sep. 2003. 28. Ingason, H., “Design Fires in Tunnels,” Safe and Reliable Tunnels, Innovative European Achievements, Second International Symposium, Lausanne, Switzerland, 2006. 29. Maevski, I. and A. Barsky, “Improvement of the Semi-Transverse Ventilation System of Road Tunnels,” REFERENCES

125 Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Aerodynamics and Ventilation of Vehicle Tunnels, A. Haerter, Ed., BHR, Brighton, U.K., 1991, pp. 877–902. 30. Ilin, V. and V. Belatcky, “Fire Modeling in Underground Transportation Structures,” in Fire and Explosions Model- ing, N. Brushlinsky and A. Korolchenko, Eds., Pojnauka, Moscow, Russia, 2000, pp. 278–318. 31. Ko, Y. and J. Hadjisophocleous, “An Experimental Study of the Impact of Tunnel Suppression on Tunnel Ventilation,” Proceedings from the Fourth International Symposium on Tunnel Safety and Security, A. Lönnermark and H. Ingason, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, Mar. 17–19, 2010, pp. 341–349. 32. Best Practice Guideline for the CFD Simulation of Flows in the Urban Environment, COST Action 732, Quality Assurance and Improvement of Microscale Meteorolog- ical Models, May 1, 2007. 33. Casey, M. and T. Wintergerste, ERCOFTAC Best Practice Guidelines for Industrial CFD, Sulzer Innotec, Winterthur, Switzerland. 34. McGrattan, K.B., Numerical Simulation of the Caldecott Tunnel Fire, April 1982, NISTIR 7231, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C., Dec. 2005. 35. Beard, A. and R. Carvel, The Handbook of Tunnel Fire Safety, E14 4Jd, Thomas Telford, London, U.K., 2005. 36. Gant, S., CFD Modeling of Water Spray Barriers, HSL/2006/79, Health and Safety Laboratory, Buxton, Derbyshire, U.K. 37. Hart, R.A., Numerical Modelling of Tunnel Fires and Water Mist Suppression, Doctor of Philosophy Thesis, University of Nottingham, Dec. 2005. 38. Adiga, K.C. and H.D. Ladouceur, “Numerical Simula- tion of Water Mist Flow Effects on Fire Cooling Behav- ior,” presented at the Eastern Section of the Combustion Institute Fall Technical Meeting, Hilton Head, S.C., Dec. 3–5, 2001. 39. Adiga, K.C., A CFD Study of Ultra-fine Water Mist Deployment Technology for New Generation Fire Pro- tection, Fluent Users’ Group Meeting, Manchester, N.H., May 2003. 40. “Fire on the Web,” Building and Fire Research Labora- tory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Md. [Online]. Available: http://www. fire.nist.gov. 41. Safety in Tunnels, Transport of Dangerous Goods Through Road Tunnels Highlights, Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development, 2001. 42. Rattei, G., “Safety Installations in Road Tunnels—Are They Used in Incident Cases?” VKM-THD Mitteilun- gen, Univ.-Prof. Dr. Helmut Eichlseder, Vol. 93, 2010, 5th Symposium/5. Tagung, In Tunnel Safety and Venti- lation, Sicherheit und Beluftung von Tunnelanlagen, P. Sturm and M. Sabine, Eds., May 3–4, 2010, pp. 235–241. 43. PIARC “Integrated Approach to Road Tunnel Safety,” 2007/R07 PIARC Technical Committee C3.3 Road Tun- nel Operation, La Defense, France, 2007. 44. Day, J.R., “How Safe Can a Tunnel Be—How Safe Will It Be? Designers’ Perspective,” VKM-THD Mitteilun- gen, Univ.-Prof. Dr. Helmut Eichlseder, Vol. 93, 2010, 5th Symposium/5. Tagung, In Tunnel Safety and Venti- lation, Sicherheit und Beluftung von Tunnelanlagen, P. Sturm and M. Sabine, Eds., May 3–4, 2010, pp. 263–268. 45. Miclea, P., “Heat Release Rate of Transit Vehicles: The Need for a Uniform Approach in its Calculation and Application,” APTA, San Diego, Calif., June 1998. 46. Paillère, H., et al., “Hydrogen Behavior When Released in Confined Atmospheres: Experimental Study and Numer- ical Simulations,” 2nd European Hydrogen Energy Conference, Zaragoza, Spain, Nov. 22–25, 2005, EHEC 2005 V4. 47. Wu, Y., “Initial Assessment of the Impact of Jet Flame Hazard from Hydrogen Cars in Road Tunnels,” Pro- ceedings from the Third International Symposium on Tunnel Safety and Security Stockholm, A. Lonnermark and H. Ingason, Eds., SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Mar. 12–14, 2008, pp. 71–79. 48. Lönnermark, A., “New Energy Carriers in Tunnels,” Proceedings from the Fourth International Symposium on Tunnel Safety and Security, A. Lönnermark and H. Ingason, Eds., Frankfurt am Main, Germany, Mar. 17–19, 2010, pp. 31–46. 49. Biollay, H., “Estimation numerique des debits de fumes en function de la puissance de l’incendie,” CETU, France, 1996. 50. Lacroix, D., “New French Recommendations for Fire Ventilation in Road Tunnels,” 9th International Con- ference on Aerodynamics and Ventilation of Vehicle Tunnels, Publication 27, J. Gillard, Ed., BHR, Aosta Valley, Italy, Oct. 6–8, 1997. 51. SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, 4th ed., Chapter 4, SFPE, NFPA, Quincy, Mass., 2008. 52. Hall, R.C., Ventilation During Road Tunnel Emergencies, Project Report PPR140, TRL Limited, Workingham, Berkshire, U.K., Aug. 2006. 53. Design Manual for Roads and Bridges, BD 78/99, Depart- ment of Transport, London, United Kingdom, Feb 2011. 54. Blendermann, W., “On a Probabilistic Approach to the Influence of Wind on the Longitudinal Ventilation of Road Tunnels,” Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on the Aerodynamics and Ventilation of Vehicle Tunnels, Cambridge, U.K., 1976, pp. B1-1. 55. Buchmann, R., The Impact of Controllability on the Dimensioning of Smoke Extraction Systems for Bi- directional Traffic Road Tunnels, 3rd Symposium on Tunnel Safety and Ventilation, Graz, Austria, May 2006, pp 35–44. 56. Kim, H.K., A. Lonnermark, and H. Ingason, Compari- son and Review of Safety Design Guidelines for Road Tunnels, SP Swedish National Testing and Research Institute, Boras, SP Report 2007:08, 2007. 57. International Road Tunnel Fire Detection Research Project, The Fire Protection Research Foundation, Quincy, Mass, various reports.

126 58. Wang, W., et al., “An Integrated Safety/Security Video Image Detection (VID) System for Road Tunnel Protec- tion,” Proceedings from the Fourth International Sym- posium on Tunnel Safety and Security, A. Lönnermark and H. Ingason, Eds., Frankfurt am Main, Germany, Mar. 17–19, 2010. 59 Fire Protection in Vehicles and Tunnels for Public Transport, 2005 Verband Deutscher Verkehrsunterneh- men, VDV-Forderkreis, ISBN 3-87094-664-4 Dusseldorf, Germany, 503 pp. 60. English, G., “Incident Management and Tunnel Systems,” Proceedings from the Fourth International Symposium on Tunnel Safety and Security, A. Lönnermark and H. Inga- son, Eds., Frankfurt am Main, Germany, Mar. 17–19, 2010, pp. 363–374. 61. “E-Lume-A-Path,” Egress Markings Systems, Middle- town, Conn. [Online]. Available: http://egressmarking. com/. 62. Light Step Technologies, DunMurry, Belfast, Northern Ireland [Online]. Available: http://lightsteptechnologies. com/. 63. Shahcheraghi, N., “Performance Based Cross Passage Spacing in Road Tunnels, Aerodynamics and Ventila- tion of Vehicle Tunnels,” Proceedings of the 13th Inter- national Symposium on Aerodynamics and Ventilation of Vehicle Tunnels, I. Sweetland, Ed., BHR Group, New Brunswick, N.J., 2009. 64. Ingason, H., A. Bergqvist, A. Lönnermark, H. Frantzich, and K. Hasselrot, Räddningsinsatseri Vägtunnlar, Räddningsverksrapport, Sweden, P21-459/05 2005, P29–459 (in Swedish). 65. Promat, Tissett, the Netherlands [Online]. Available: http://www.promat-tunnel.com. 66. Ernst, S., International Scan on Underground Transporta- tion Systems in Europe Safety, Operations, and Emergency Response, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials Standing Committee, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., 2007. 67. Khoury, G.A., Tunnel Safety ICE London, Fire Safety Design FSD, Oct. 2006. 68. Salisbury, M. and D. Charters, “Application and Limita- tion of the Quantified Fire Risk Assessment Techniques for the Design of Tunnels. Tunnel Fires and Escape from Tunnels,” Third International Conference, Washington D.C., Oct. 9–11, 2001, Organized by TMI. 69. Schmid, E., CORDIS Wire, Nov. 11–12, 2009 [Online]. Available: http://cordis.europa.eu/wire. 70. “Deadly Tunnel Fire Melted Cars,” Sydney Morning Herald, Mar. 23, 2007. 71. Dix, A., “Fixed Fire Fighting Systems,” presented at the International Tunnel Safety Conference, “Fire Suppres- sion in Tunnels,” Apr. 2–3, 2008, Munich, Germany. 72. Carvel, R. and A Beard, “Fires for Tunnel Water Mist Suppression Systems,” Proceedings from the Third International Symposium on Tunnel Safety and Security Stockholm, A. Lonnermark and H. Ingason, Eds., SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Method for Making Realistic Estimates of the Heat Release Rate, Sweden, Mar. 12–14, 2008, pp. 141–161. 73. Opstad, K., “Catastrophic Tunnel Fires—Findings of Real Scale Fire Tests,” International Tunnel Safety Conference: Fire Suppression in Tunnels, Apr. 2008, Munich, Germany. 74. Project Safety Test: Report on Fire Tests, Civil Engineering Division, Directorate-General for Public Works and Water Management, the Hague, the Netherlands, Aug. 2002. 75. Melvin, B. and J. Gonzalez, “Considering Tunnel Geometry When Selecting a Design Fire Heat Release Rate for Road Tunnel Safety Systems,” Proceedings of the 13th International Symposium on Aerodynamics and Ventilation of Vehicle Tunnels, I. Sweetland, Ed., BHR, New Brunswick, N.J., 2009. 76. Haack, A., “Fire in Tunnels. FIT Technical Report— Part 1: Design Fire Scenarios Thematic Network Fire in Tunnels,” Stuva, Germany. 77. Höj, N.P., Fire in Tunnels FIT Technical Report—Part 2 Fire Safe Design: Road Tunnels Thematic Network Fire in Tunnels, COWI Group, Lyngby, Denmark. 78. Ryan, S., “Benefits Trump Costs for Federal Rail Safety Program,” Mass Transit, Dec. 2, 2009 [Online]. Available: http://www.masstransitmag.com. 79. Harris, K., “Water Application Rates for Fixed Fire Fighting Systems in Road Tunnels” Proceedings from the Fourth International Symposium on Tunnel Safety and Security, A. Lönnermark and H. Ingason, Eds., Frankfurt am Main, Germany, Mar. 17–19, 2010.

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TRB’s National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Synthesis 415: Design Fires in Road Tunnels information on the state of the practice of design fires in road tunnels, focusing on tunnel fire dynamics and the means of fire management for design guidance.

Note: On September 20, 2011, the following errata was released related to NCHRP Synthesis 415. The electronic version of the publicaiton was changed to reflect the corrections.

On pages 106 and 107, an incorrect reference was cited. In the final paragraph on page 106, the last sentence should read: One study came to the conclusion that, although some minimum water application rates would achieve a certain objective, a marginally higher rate would not necessarily improve the situation (79). The figure caption for Figure 35 at the bottom of page 107 should read: FIGURE 35 NFPA 13, NFPA 15, and other International Water Application Rates (79).

The added reference is as follows:

79. Harris, K., “Water Application Rates for Fixed Fire Fighting Systems in Road Tunnels,” Proceedings from the Fourth International Symposium on Tunnel Safety and Security, A. Lönnermark and H. Ingason, Eds., Frankfurt am Main, Germany, Mar. 17–19, 2010.

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