Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter.
Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines.
OCR for page 123
124
REFERENCES
1. NCHRP Report 525, Volume 12: Surface Transportation Ventilation," Sicherheit und Beluftung von Tunnelanla-
Security, and TCRP Report 86: Making Transportation gen, Apr. 1921, 2004, P. Sturm and S. Minarik, Eds.,
Tunnels Safe and Secure, Transportation Research Board pp. 175180.
of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2006. 15. Sauter, R., "EuroTAP: European Tunnel Assessment
2. Underground Transportation Systems in Europe: Safety, Programme," Safe and Reliable Tunnels: Innovative
Operations, and Emergency Response, Report FHWA- European Achievements, Second International Sympo-
PL-06-016, International Technology Scanning Program, sium, Lausanne, Switzerland, 2006.
Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., 16. "Minimum Levels of Safety in European Road Tun-
June 2006. nels," EU Directive 2004/54/EC, European Parliament,
3. American Association of State Highway and Trans- Luxembourg.
portation Officials, Technical Manual for Design and 17. Amberg, F., "L-surF--Test Sites for Full Scale Fire
Construction of Road Tunnels--Civil Elements, Federal Testing in Tunnels," International Conference on Fire
Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., 2010. Suppression in Tunnels, IWMA, Munich, Germany,
4. American Association of State Highway and Transporta- Apr. 2008.
tion Officials, Recommendations for Bridge and Tunnel 18. Allowable Hydrogen Permeation Rate for Automotive
Security, Prepared by The Blue Ribbon Panel on Bridge Applications, Deliverable D74 (InsHyde)--FINAL with
and Tunnel Security for AASHTO, Federal Highway Corr. 1 of 28.02.2009.
Administration, Washington, D.C., Sep. 2003. 19. Initial Guidance for Using Hydrogen in Confined Spaces,
5. Thompson, K., Best Practices for Roadway Tunnel Design, Results from InsHyde, Jan. 30, 2009, 90 pp.
Construction, Maintenance, and Operation, NCHRP 20. Rhodes, N. and M. Macdonald, Fire in Tunnels FIT
20-68A, Scan 09-05, U.S. Domestic Scan Program SCOBS Technical Report--Part 3. Fire Response Management:
2010 Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C., 31 pp. Thematic Network Fire in Tunnels, Brussels, Belgium,
6. Khoury, G., "Common Safety/UPTUN Safety Philoso- 2006.
21. PIARC, "Fire and Smoke Control in Road Tunnels"
phy Leading to the Global Approach to Tunnel Safety"
05.05.B, La Defense, France, 1999.
[Online]. Available: www.itaaites.org/cms/fileadmin/
22. ASHRAE Handbook: HVAC Applications, American
filemounts/. . ./GAKhoury.pdf.
Society of Heating and Air-Conditioning Engineers
7. Prevention and Control of Highway Tunnel Fires, Report
(ASHRAE), Atlanta, Ga., 2007.
FHWA-RD-83-032, Federal Highway Administration,
23. Assessment of the Safety of Tunnels Study, European Par-
Washington, D.C., 1986.
liament, Science and Technology Options Assessment,
8. Both, C., Tunnel Safety: Results of the Largest European
IP/A/STOA/FWC/2005-28/SC22/29, IPOL/A/STOA/
Research Project, International Conference on Fire 2006-26, Brussels, Belgium, May 2006.
Suppression in Tunnels, IWMA, Munich, Germany, 24. Braestrup, M.W., Risk Management and Safety Concept
Apr. 2008. for the Øresund Link Immersed Tunnel, American Asso-
9. Fire in Tunnels, FIT General Report, Thematic Network ciation of State Highway and Transportation Officials
Fire in Tunnels, Brussels, Belgium, Jan. 4, 2006. Standing Committee on Highways, Safety and Security
10. "First International Symposium on Safe and Reliable in Roadway Tunnels, Final Report, Washington, D.C.,
Tunnels" [Online]. Available: www.dartsproject.net. Mar. 2006.
11. Molag, M., "Risk Assessment Guidelines for Tunnels," 25. Memorial Tunnel Fire Ventilation Test Program, A Col-
Safe and Reliable Tunnels, Innovative European Achieve- lection of Papers from the ASHRAE Meeting, Boston,
ments, Second International Symposium, Lausanne, Mass., JuneJuly 1997, ASHRAE Technical Bulletin,
Switzerland, 2006. Vol. 13, No. 1.
12. Marques, A. and M. Serrano, "Decision Support for 26. Memorial Tunnel Fire Ventilation Test Program, Test
Emergency in Roads," Safe and Reliable Tunnels: Inno- Report, Nov. 1995.
vative European Achievements, Second International 27. Summary of Large Scale Fire Tests in the Runehamar
Symposium, Lausanne, Switzerland, 2006. Tunnel in Norway, Conducted in Association with the
13. Beer, G., "Virtual Training," Safe and Reliable Tunnels: UPTUN Research Program, J. Brekelmans and R. Bosch,
Innovative European Achievements, Second International Eds., Sep. 2003.
Symposium, Lausanne, Switzerland, 2006. 28. Ingason, H., "Design Fires in Tunnels," Safe and Reliable
14. Beer, G. and T. Reichl, "Virtual Fires a Virtual Reality Tunnels, Innovative European Achievements, Second
Simulator for Tunnel Fires," VKM-THD Mitteilungen, International Symposium, Lausanne, Switzerland, 2006.
Publisher Univ.-Prof. Dr. Helmut Eichlseder, Vol. 84, 29. Maevski, I. and A. Barsky, "Improvement of the
2004, 2nd Symposium/2. Tagung, "Tunnel Safety and Semi-Transverse Ventilation System of Road Tunnels,"
OCR for page 124
125
Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on 44. Day, J.R., "How Safe Can a Tunnel Be--How Safe Will
Aerodynamics and Ventilation of Vehicle Tunnels, A. It Be? Designers' Perspective," VKM-THD Mitteilun-
Haerter, Ed., BHR, Brighton, U.K., 1991, pp. 877902. gen, Univ.-Prof. Dr. Helmut Eichlseder, Vol. 93, 2010,
30. Ilin, V. and V. Belatcky, "Fire Modeling in Underground 5th Symposium/5. Tagung, In Tunnel Safety and Venti-
Transportation Structures," in Fire and Explosions Model- lation, Sicherheit und Beluftung von Tunnelanlagen,
ing, N. Brushlinsky and A. Korolchenko, Eds., Pojnauka, P. Sturm and M. Sabine, Eds., May 34, 2010, pp. 263268.
Moscow, Russia, 2000, pp. 278318. 45. Miclea, P., "Heat Release Rate of Transit Vehicles: The
31. Ko, Y. and J. Hadjisophocleous, "An Experimental Need for a Uniform Approach in its Calculation and
Study of the Impact of Tunnel Suppression on Tunnel Application," APTA, San Diego, Calif., June 1998.
Ventilation," Proceedings from the Fourth International 46. Paillère, H., et al., "Hydrogen Behavior When Released in
Symposium on Tunnel Safety and Security, A. Lönnermark Confined Atmospheres: Experimental Study and Numer-
and H. Ingason, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, Mar. 1719, ical Simulations," 2nd European Hydrogen Energy
2010, pp. 341349. Conference, Zaragoza, Spain, Nov. 2225, 2005, EHEC
32. Best Practice Guideline for the CFD Simulation of Flows 2005 V4.
in the Urban Environment, COST Action 732, Quality 47. Wu, Y., "Initial Assessment of the Impact of Jet Flame
Assurance and Improvement of Microscale Meteorolog- Hazard from Hydrogen Cars in Road Tunnels," Pro-
ical Models, May 1, 2007. ceedings from the Third International Symposium on
33. Casey, M. and T. Wintergerste, ERCOFTAC Best Practice Tunnel Safety and Security Stockholm, A. Lonnermark
Guidelines for Industrial CFD, Sulzer Innotec, Winterthur, and H. Ingason, Eds., SP Technical Research Institute of
Switzerland. Sweden, Mar. 1214, 2008, pp. 7179.
34. McGrattan, K.B., Numerical Simulation of the Caldecott 48. Lönnermark, A., "New Energy Carriers in Tunnels,"
Tunnel Fire, April 1982, NISTIR 7231, U.S. Department Proceedings from the Fourth International Symposium
of Commerce, Washington, D.C., Dec. 2005. on Tunnel Safety and Security, A. Lönnermark and
35. Beard, A. and R. Carvel, The Handbook of Tunnel Fire H. Ingason, Eds., Frankfurt am Main, Germany, Mar.
1719, 2010, pp. 3146.
Safety, E14 4Jd, Thomas Telford, London, U.K., 2005.
49. Biollay, H., "Estimation numerique des debits de fumes
36. Gant, S., CFD Modeling of Water Spray Barriers,
en function de la puissance de l'incendie," CETU, France,
HSL/2006/79, Health and Safety Laboratory, Buxton,
1996.
Derbyshire, U.K.
50. Lacroix, D., "New French Recommendations for Fire
37. Hart, R.A., Numerical Modelling of Tunnel Fires and
Ventilation in Road Tunnels," 9th International Con-
Water Mist Suppression, Doctor of Philosophy Thesis,
ference on Aerodynamics and Ventilation of Vehicle
University of Nottingham, Dec. 2005.
Tunnels, Publication 27, J. Gillard, Ed., BHR, Aosta
38. Adiga, K.C. and H.D. Ladouceur, "Numerical Simula-
Valley, Italy, Oct. 68, 1997.
tion of Water Mist Flow Effects on Fire Cooling Behav- 51. SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, 4th ed.,
ior," presented at the Eastern Section of the Combustion Chapter 4, SFPE, NFPA, Quincy, Mass., 2008.
Institute Fall Technical Meeting, Hilton Head, S.C., 52. Hall, R.C., Ventilation During Road Tunnel Emergencies,
Dec. 35, 2001. Project Report PPR140, TRL Limited, Workingham,
39. Adiga, K.C., A CFD Study of Ultra-fine Water Mist Berkshire, U.K., Aug. 2006.
Deployment Technology for New Generation Fire Pro- 53. Design Manual for Roads and Bridges, BD 78/99, Depart-
tection, Fluent Users' Group Meeting, Manchester, N.H., ment of Transport, London, United Kingdom, Feb 2011.
May 2003. 54. Blendermann, W., "On a Probabilistic Approach to the
40. "Fire on the Web," Building and Fire Research Labora- Influence of Wind on the Longitudinal Ventilation of
tory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Road Tunnels," Proceedings of the Second International
Gaithersburg, Md. [Online]. Available: http://www. Symposium on the Aerodynamics and Ventilation of
fire.nist.gov. Vehicle Tunnels, Cambridge, U.K., 1976, pp. B1-1.
41. Safety in Tunnels, Transport of Dangerous Goods Through 55. Buchmann, R., The Impact of Controllability on the
Road Tunnels Highlights, Organisation for Economic Dimensioning of Smoke Extraction Systems for Bi-
Co-Operation and Development, 2001. directional Traffic Road Tunnels, 3rd Symposium on
42. Rattei, G., "Safety Installations in Road Tunnels--Are Tunnel Safety and Ventilation, Graz, Austria, May 2006,
They Used in Incident Cases?" VKM-THD Mitteilun- pp 3544.
gen, Univ.-Prof. Dr. Helmut Eichlseder, Vol. 93, 2010, 56. Kim, H.K., A. Lonnermark, and H. Ingason, Compari-
5th Symposium/5. Tagung, In Tunnel Safety and Venti- son and Review of Safety Design Guidelines for Road
lation, Sicherheit und Beluftung von Tunnelanlagen, Tunnels, SP Swedish National Testing and Research
P. Sturm and M. Sabine, Eds., May 34, 2010, pp. 235241. Institute, Boras, SP Report 2007:08, 2007.
43. PIARC "Integrated Approach to Road Tunnel Safety," 57. International Road Tunnel Fire Detection Research
2007/R07 PIARC Technical Committee C3.3 Road Tun- Project, The Fire Protection Research Foundation,
nel Operation, La Defense, France, 2007. Quincy, Mass, various reports.
OCR for page 125
126
58. Wang, W., et al., "An Integrated Safety/Security Video 68. Salisbury, M. and D. Charters, "Application and Limita-
Image Detection (VID) System for Road Tunnel Protec- tion of the Quantified Fire Risk Assessment Techniques
tion," Proceedings from the Fourth International Sym- for the Design of Tunnels. Tunnel Fires and Escape from
posium on Tunnel Safety and Security, A. Lönnermark Tunnels," Third International Conference, Washington
and H. Ingason, Eds., Frankfurt am Main, Germany, D.C., Oct. 911, 2001, Organized by TMI.
Mar. 1719, 2010. 69. Schmid, E., CORDIS Wire, Nov. 1112, 2009 [Online].
59 Fire Protection in Vehicles and Tunnels for Public Available: http://cordis.europa.eu/wire.
Transport, 2005 Verband Deutscher Verkehrsunterneh- 70. "Deadly Tunnel Fire Melted Cars," Sydney Morning
men, VDV-Forderkreis, ISBN 3-87094-664-4 Dusseldorf, Herald, Mar. 23, 2007.
Germany, 503 pp. 71. Dix, A., "Fixed Fire Fighting Systems," presented at the
60. English, G., "Incident Management and Tunnel Systems," International Tunnel Safety Conference, "Fire Suppres-
Proceedings from the Fourth International Symposium on sion in Tunnels," Apr. 23, 2008, Munich, Germany.
Tunnel Safety and Security, A. Lönnermark and H. Inga- 72. Carvel, R. and A Beard, "Fires for Tunnel Water Mist
son, Eds., Frankfurt am Main, Germany, Mar. 1719, Suppression Systems," Proceedings from the Third
2010, pp. 363374. International Symposium on Tunnel Safety and Security
61. "E-Lume-A-Path," Egress Markings Systems, Middle- Stockholm, A. Lonnermark and H. Ingason, Eds., SP
town, Conn. [Online]. Available: http://egressmarking. Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Method for
Making Realistic Estimates of the Heat Release Rate,
com/.
Sweden, Mar. 1214, 2008, pp. 141161.
62. Light Step Technologies, DunMurry, Belfast, Northern
73. Opstad, K., "Catastrophic Tunnel Fires--Findings of
Ireland [Online]. Available: http://lightsteptechnologies.
Real Scale Fire Tests," International Tunnel Safety
com/.
Conference: Fire Suppression in Tunnels, Apr. 2008,
63. Shahcheraghi, N., "Performance Based Cross Passage
Munich, Germany.
Spacing in Road Tunnels, Aerodynamics and Ventila-
74. Project Safety Test: Report on Fire Tests, Civil Engineering
tion of Vehicle Tunnels," Proceedings of the 13th Inter- Division, Directorate-General for Public Works and Water
national Symposium on Aerodynamics and Ventilation Management, the Hague, the Netherlands, Aug. 2002.
of Vehicle Tunnels, I. Sweetland, Ed., BHR Group, New 75. Melvin, B. and J. Gonzalez, "Considering Tunnel
Brunswick, N.J., 2009. Geometry When Selecting a Design Fire Heat Release
64. Ingason, H., A. Bergqvist, A. Lönnermark, H. Frantzich, Rate for Road Tunnel Safety Systems," Proceedings of
and K. Hasselrot, Räddningsinsatseri Vägtunnlar, the 13th International Symposium on Aerodynamics and
Räddningsverksrapport, Sweden, P21-459/05 2005, Ventilation of Vehicle Tunnels, I. Sweetland, Ed., BHR,
P29459 (in Swedish). New Brunswick, N.J., 2009.
65. Promat, Tissett, the Netherlands [Online]. Available: 76. Haack, A., "Fire in Tunnels. FIT Technical Report--
http://www.promat-tunnel.com. Part 1: Design Fire Scenarios Thematic Network Fire in
66. Ernst, S., International Scan on Underground Transporta- Tunnels," Stuva, Germany.
tion Systems in Europe Safety, Operations, and Emergency 77. Höj, N.P., Fire in Tunnels FIT Technical Report--Part 2
Response, American Association of State Highway and Fire Safe Design: Road Tunnels Thematic Network Fire
Transportation Officials Standing Committee, Federal in Tunnels, COWI Group, Lyngby, Denmark.
Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., 2007. 78. Ryan, S., "Benefits Trump Costs for Federal Rail Safety
67. Khoury, G.A., Tunnel Safety ICE London, Fire Safety Program," Mass Transit, Dec. 2, 2009 [Online]. Available:
Design FSD, Oct. 2006. http://www.masstransitmag.com.
79. Harris, K., "Water Application Rates for Fixed
Fire Fighting Systems in Road Tunnels"
Proceedings from the Fourth International
Symposium on Tunnel Safety and Security,
A. Lönnermark and H. Ingason, Eds.,
Frankfurt am Main, Germany, Mar. 1719, 2010.
