National Academies Press: OpenBook

Design Fires in Road Tunnels (2011)

Chapter: Bibliography

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Page 126
Suggested Citation:"Bibliography." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Design Fires in Road Tunnels. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14562.
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Page 126
Page 127
Suggested Citation:"Bibliography." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Design Fires in Road Tunnels. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14562.
×
Page 127
Page 128
Suggested Citation:"Bibliography." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Design Fires in Road Tunnels. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14562.
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Page 128

Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

127 AASHTO, Protecting America’s Roads, Bridges, and Tunnels, The Role of State DOTs in Homeland Security, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C., Jan. 2005. Aerodynamics and Ventilation of Vehicle Tunnels, 8th Inter- national Symposium, I. Cockram, Ed., Publication 12, BHR, Liverpool, U.K., 1994. Aerodynamics and Ventilation of Vehicle Tunnels, 10th Inter- national Symposium, A. Caserta, Ed., Publication 43, BHR, Boston, Mass., 2000. Aerodynamics and Ventilation of Vehicle Tunnels, 11th Inter- national Symposium, W. Bradbury, Ed., BHR, Luzern, Switzerland, 2003. Aerodynamics and Ventilation of Vehicle Tunnels, 12th Inter- national Symposium, A. Vardy, Ed., BHR, Portoroz, Slovenia, 2006. AMCA, Laboratory Methods of Testing Dampers for Rating, Standard 500-D, Air Movement and Control Association, Arlington Heights, Ill., 1998. AMCA, Laboratory Methods of Testing Louvers for Rating, Standard 500-L, Air Movement and Control Association, Arlington Heights, Ill., 1999. ASHRAE, Laboratory Methods of Testing Fans for Rating, Standard 51-1999 (AMCA Standard 210-99), American Society of Heating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), 1999. Bendelius, A.G., “Tunnel Ventilation,” Chapter 20, Tunnel Engineering Handbook, 2nd ed., J.O. Bickel, T.R. Kuesel, and E.H. King, Eds. Chapman & Hall, New York, N.Y., 1996. Bendelius, A.G., “Road Tunnels and Bridges,” In Fire Pro- tection Handbook, R.E. Cote, C.C. Grant, J.R. Hall, R.E. Solomon, and P.A. Powell, Eds., NFPA, Quincy, Mass., 2008. Bickel, J., T. Kuesel, and E. King, Tunnel Engineering Hand- book, 2nd ed., Springer, 1996. Both, K. and A. Haack, “Present-Day Design Fire Scenarios and Comparison with Test Results and Real Fires: Struc- tures & Equipment,” Safe and Reliable Tunnel European Achievements, First International Symposium, Prague, the Czech Republic, 2004. DURACRETE, Probabilistic Performance-based Durability Design of Concrete, Research Project, Fourth Framework, Brite-EuRam. FIT, Fire in Tunnels, Thematic network, Fifth Framework [Online]. Available: www.etnfit.net. Hume, B., “Water Mist Suppression in Conjunction with Displacement Ventilation,” Fire Engineering Research Report 03/4, University of Canterbury, New Zealand, Feb. 2003. Ingason, H., “Heat Release Rate Measurements in Tunnel Fires,” Proceedings of the International Conference on Fires in Tunnels, Boräs, Sweden, 1994. International Road Tunnel Fire Detection Research Project, The Fire Protection Research Foundation, Las Vegas, Nev., June 2008. International Water Mist Conference, May 23–25, 2009, London, U.K. Kashef, A., G.D. Lougheed, G.P. Crampton, Z. Liu, K. Yoon, G.V. Hadjisophocleous, and K.H. Almand, “Findings of the International Road Tunnel Fire Detection Research Project,” Fire Technology, Vol. 45, 2009, pp. 221–237. Kennedy, P. and J. Kennedy, “Flashover and Fire Analysis, A Discussion of the Practical Use of Flashover in Fire Investigation,” Aug. 2003, presentation at the NFPA World Congress, Salt Lake City, Utah, May 2004. Kennedy, W.D., J.A. Gonzalez, and J.G. Sanchez, “Derivation and Application of the SES Critical Velocity Equations,” ASHRAE Transactions, Vol. 102, No. 2, 1996, pp. 40–44. Kim, H., A. Lonnermark, and H. Ingason, Comparison and Review of Safety Design Guidelines for Road Tunnels, SP Report 2007:08, Fire Technology, SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Boräs. Klote, J.H. and J.A. Milke, “Principles of Smoke Management,” American Society of Heating and Air-Conditioning Engi- neers, Atlanta, Ga., 2002. Liu, Z.G., A. Kashef, G.D. Lougheed, J.Z. Su, N. Bénichou, and K.H. Almand., “An Overview of the International Road Tunnel Fire Detection Research Project,” 10th Fire Suppression and Detection Research Application Sympo- sium, Orlando, Fla., 2006. Liu, Z.G., A. Kashef, G.D. Lougheed, G.P. Crampton, Y. Ko, and G.V. Hadjisophocleous, “Parameters Affecting the Performance of Detection Systems in Road Tunnels,” 13th International Symposium on Aerodynamics and Ven- tilation of Vehicle Tunnels, New Brunswick, N.J., 2009. Long Road and Rail Tunnels, First International Conference, ITC, Basel, Switzerland, 1999. Mangs, J. and O. Keski-Rahkonen, “Characterisation of the Fire Behaviour of a Burning Passenger Car, Part I: Car Fire Experiments,” Fire Safety Journal, Vol. 23, 1994a. Mangs, J. and O. Keski-Rahkonen, “Characterization of the Fire Behaviour of a Burning Passenger Car, Part II: Parametrization of Measured Rate of Heat Release Curves,” Fire Safety Journal, Vol. 23, 1994b. Materials and Design Against Fire, IMechE Seminar Publi- cation, Mechanical Engineering Publications Ltd., London, U.K., 1997-12. Memorial Tunnel Fire Ventilation Test Program, Compre- hensive Test Report, Massachusetts Highway Department, Boston, and Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C. Meo, M.G., Modelling of Enclosure Fires, Ph.D. course in Chemical Engineering, Programma Operativo Nazionale, Italy, 2000/2006. BIBLIOGRAPHY

128 NFPA 2010, National Fire Alarm Code. Standard 72, National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, Mass. NIOSH, Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Washington, D.C., 1994. NTIS, User’s Guide for the TUNVEN and DUCT Programs, Publication PB80141575, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Va., 1980. Nussbaumer, C., Comparative Analysis of Safety in Tunnels, Young Researchers Seminar, Austrian Road Safety Board, Brno, 2007 [Online]. Available: http://www.ectri.org/ YRS07/Papiers/Session-9/Nussbaumer.pdf. Occupational Safety and Health Standards (OSHA), 29CFR1910, Code of Federal Regulations, OSHA, U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, D.C., 1997. Occupational Safety and Health Standards (OSHA), 29CFR1910.1000, Code of Federal Regulations, OSHA, U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, D.C., 2001. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), Partial List of Chemicals Associated with Diesel Exhaust, OSHA, U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, D.C. [Online]. Available: http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/diesel exhaust/chemical.html. OECD Studies in Risk Management, Tunnel Safety, Norway, OECD Publications, Paris, France, 2006. PIARC, Fire and Smoke Control in Road Tunnels, World Road Association (PIARC), La Défense cedex, France, 1999. PIARC, “Systems and Equipment for Fire and Smoke Control in Road Tunnels,” Committee on Road Tunnel Operation (C-5), World Road Association (PIARC), La Défense cedex, France, 2007a. PIARC, “Integrated Approach to Road Tunnel Safety,” Committee on Road Tunnel Operation (C-5), World Road Association (PIARC), La Défense cedex, France, 2007b. PIARC, “Management of the Operator—Emergency Teams Interface in Road Tunnels,” Committee on Road Tunnel Operation (C-5), World Road Association (PIARC), La Défense cedex, France, 2008. PIARC, “Road Tunnels,” XXth World Road Congress, Montreal, ON, Canada, World Road Association (PIARC), La Défense cedex, France, 1995. Proulx, G., “Evacuation Time,” SFPE Handbook of Fire Pro- tection Engineering, 4th ed., P.J. DiNenno, D. Drysdale, C.L. Beyler, W.D. Walton, R.L.P. Custer, J.R. Hall, and J.M. Watts, Eds., NFPA, Quincy, Mass., 2008. “Recommendations for Bridge and Tunnel Security,” pre- pared by The Blue Ribbon Panel on Bridge and Tunnel Security for American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., Sep. 2003. Safe and Reliable Tunnels, Innovative European Achieve- ments, First International Symposium, Prague, the Czech Republic, papers, 2004. SAFE-T, “Safety in Tunnels” In Thematic Network on Development of European Guidelines for Upgrading Tun- nel Safety, Thematic network, Fifth Framework [Online]. Available: www.safetunnel.net Safe Tunnels, “Innovative Systems and Frameworks for Enhancing of Traffic Safety in Road Tunnels,” Research project, Fifth Framework [Online]. Available: www.crf project-eu.org. Safety in Road & Rail Tunnels, First International Conference, University of Dundee and Tunnel Management Inter- national, Basel, Switzerland, A. Vardy, Ed., 1992. Safety in Road & Rail Tunnels, Fifth International Conference, University of Dundee and Tunnel Management Inter- national, Marseille, France, A. Vardy, Ed., 2003. Selected European Research Projects and Thematic Net- works, supported by the European Commission: DARTS (Durable and Reliable Tunnel Structures), Research project, Fifth Framework [Online]. Available: www.darts project.net. Tunnel Fires and Escape from Tunnels, International Con- ference, Lyon, France, May 5–7, 1999, Organized and Sponsored by Independent Technical Conferences Ltd. Tunnel Fires, Fourth International Conference, Basel, Switzer- land, Dec. 2–4, 2002, Organized and sponsored by Tunnel Management International. Tunnel Fixed Fire Suppression System Symposium, NFPA World Conference, Las Vegas, Nev., 2005. “Tunnel Ventilation, Lighting, and Operation,” Transpor- tation Research Record 883, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1982, 21 pp. UPTUN, Cost-effective, Sustainable and Innovative Upgrading Methods for Fire Safety in Existing Tunnels, Research project, Fifth Framework [Online]. Available: www.uptun.net. U.S. DOE, “Alternative Fuel News,” Alternative Fuels Data Center, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, D.C., 2002. U.S.DOT, Subway Environmental Design Handbook (SEDH), Urban Mass Transportation Administration, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1976. U.S.DOT, Summary Assessment of the Safety, Health, Envi- ronmental and System Risks of Alternative Fuels, Federal Transit Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C., 1995. U.S.DOT, Design Guidelines for Bus Transit Systems Using Alcohol Fuel (Methanol and Ethanol) as an Alternative Fuel, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1996. U.S.DOT, Design Guidelines for Bus Transit Systems Using Compressed Natural Gas as an Alternative Fuel, U.S. Government Printing Office, Federal Transit Administra- tion, Washington, D.C., 1996. U.S.DOT, Design Guidelines for Bus Transit Systems Using Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) as an Alternative Fuel, Federal Transit Administration, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1996. U.S.DOT, Design Guidelines for Bus Transit Systems Using Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) as an Alternative Fuel, U.S. Government Printing Office, Federal Transit Administra- tion, Washington, D.C., 1997.

129 U.S.DOT, Subway Environment Simulation (SES) Computer Program Version 4: User’s Manual and Programmer’s Manual, Issued as: Volume II of Subway Environmental Design Handbook, Pub. No. FTA-MA-26-7022-97-1, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C., 1997. (Also available from Volpe Transportation Center, Cam- bridge, Mass.) U.S.DOT, Design Guidelines for Bus Transit Systems Using Hydrogen as an Alternative Fuel, U.S. Government Printing Office, Federal Transit Administration, Washington, D.C., 1998. Zalosh, R. and P. Chantranuwat, “International Road Fire Tunnel Detection Research Project—Phase 1,” The Fire Protection Research Foundation, Quincy, Mass., 2003.

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TRB’s National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Synthesis 415: Design Fires in Road Tunnels information on the state of the practice of design fires in road tunnels, focusing on tunnel fire dynamics and the means of fire management for design guidance.

Note: On September 20, 2011, the following errata was released related to NCHRP Synthesis 415. The electronic version of the publicaiton was changed to reflect the corrections.

On pages 106 and 107, an incorrect reference was cited. In the final paragraph on page 106, the last sentence should read: One study came to the conclusion that, although some minimum water application rates would achieve a certain objective, a marginally higher rate would not necessarily improve the situation (79). The figure caption for Figure 35 at the bottom of page 107 should read: FIGURE 35 NFPA 13, NFPA 15, and other International Water Application Rates (79).

The added reference is as follows:

79. Harris, K., “Water Application Rates for Fixed Fire Fighting Systems in Road Tunnels,” Proceedings from the Fourth International Symposium on Tunnel Safety and Security, A. Lönnermark and H. Ingason, Eds., Frankfurt am Main, Germany, Mar. 17–19, 2010.

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