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138 Appendix C has two parts, which are taken from the survey results. The first part contains the national data and the second part is the international data. Some of the tunnels may make multiple choices for the âplease check all that applyâ ques- tions. The survey data below are shown based on the number of tunnels, instead of number of agencies (which may cover multiple tunnels). PART 1: NATIONAL DATA Section 1 Background Information The first 15 questions were used so that the researchers could contact the respondent for additional information, if neces- sary. All this information is shown below. Section 2 General Information Questions 16 and 17 were used to obtain the agency name and the name of the tunnels, respectively. All this informa- tion is shown below. APPENDIX C Summary of Survey Questionnaire Responses Tunnel agency name Number of surveys submitted Number of tunnels Year tunnel was built Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) 7 1) Downtown Tunnel (First)âEBL 2) Downtown Tunnel (First)âWBL 3) Hampton Roads Bridge Tunnelâ EBL 4) Hampton Roads Bridge Tunnelâ WBL 5) Midtown tunnel 6) MonitorâMerrimac Memorial Bridge Tunnel 7) NAS Runway #29 Underpass 1) 1986 2) 1952 3) 1974 4) 1958 5) 1962 6) 1992 7) 1977 California Department of Transportation 6 1) Webster Tube 2) Posey Tube 3) Sunrise On Ramp 4) Caldecott Tunnel Complex #1 5) Caldecott Tunnel Complex #2 6) Caldecott Tunnel Complex #3 1) 1963 2) 1927 3) 2006 4) 1937 5) 1937 6) 1963 PennDOT 2 1) Liberty Tunnel 2) Stowe Tunnel 1) 1924 2) 1909 CDOTâRegion 1, Maintenance Section 9 1 Eisenhower/Johnson Memorial Tunnel (2 bores, 1 tunnel unit) 1973/1979 Chesapeake Bay Bridge and Tunnel 2 1) Thimble Shoals 2) Chesapeake Channel 1) 1964 2) 1964 Maryland Transportation Authority 1 1) The Fort McHenry Tunnel 2) The Baltimore Harbor Tunnel 1) 1985 2) 1957 18. What year was the tunnel built or expected date of completion? See below chart 19. Is the tunnel under supervision? Yes, 24 hrâ19 Yes, except at nightâ0 Noâ11 20. What is the normal traffic operation? Uni-directionalâ26 Bi-directionalâ4 21. When does the tunnel operate in bi-directional mode? (Please check all that apply.) Normallyâ4 At night timeâ2 Off-peak hoursâ2 Occasionallyâ0 During construction/maintenance in other tubeâ9 Neverâ16 Other (Please explain)â1 (emergency evacuation) (continued on next page)
139 22. What type of vehicles use the tunnel? (Please check all that apply.) Carsâ24 Busesâ24 Trucksâ24 HGVâ19 Special trucks (military)â12 Gasoline tankers: freelyâ6 Gasoline tankers: supervised when tunnel is closed for normal trafficâ4 Other vehiclesâ10 Section 3 Fire Incidents Information 23. How many annual vehicle fire incidents happen in this tunnel (average)? No occurrence (skip questions 9â18)â11 Happened once in lifetimeâ0 Less than one every yearâ2 From 1 to 2 every yearâ14 From 2 to 5 every yearâ1 Happens at least once a monthâ0 24. What were the most severe vehicle fire incidents in this tunnel? (Please check all that apply.) Motorcycle fireâ0 Passenger car fireâ13 Multiple passenger cars (2â4 vehicles)â7 Vansâ6 Busâ1 Heavy goods truck fireâ10 Multiple trucks fireâ0 Tanker fireâ0 Alternative fuel vehicleâ0 Otherâ1 (Recreational vehicle, motor home) 25. Was there any damage made to this tunnel as a result of the fire incident? No damages. No impact on tunnel operationâ2 No damages. Tunnel was closed for operation for 30 min or moreâ0 Minor damages (no structural damage)â15 Structural damage which required tunnel closure for an extended period of timeâ1 Oregon DOT 1 1) Oneonta 2) Cape Creek 3) Elk Creek 4) Toothrock 5) Arch Cape 6) Salt Creek 7) Sunset 8) Knowles Creek 9) Vista Ridge Twin Tunnels 1) 1914 2) 1921 3) 1932 4) 1932 5) 1937 6) 1938 7) 1940 8) 1958 9) 1969 The Port Authority of New York & New Jersey 1 The Holland Tunnel 1927 WS DOT 1 1) I-90 Mt. Baker Ridge Tunnel 2) I-90 Mercer Island Tunnel 1) 1990 2) 1990 26. Were there any casualties from the fire? Noneâ16 Minorâ2 Majorâ0 27. Has the fire department ever been involved in fire fighting in this tunnel? Neverâ1 Occasionallyâ1 Every timeâ14 28. Was there an investigation performed after the fire? Every timeâ6 Occasionally, depending on fire sizeâ6 Neverâ1 Once (Please explain when)â5 29. What was the estimated maximum fire size? MD (2 tunnels)âSingle tractor trailer truck COâ15 to 20 MW CA (5 tunnels)âsmall car fire 30. What was the longest duration of the fire? MD (2 tunnels)âabout 20 min COâ25 min WA (2 tunnels)â15 min 31. Have you videotaped any car fire incidence? VA DOT (6 tunnels)âYes VA DOT (1 tunnel)âNo PA DOTâNo MD (2 tunnels)âNo NY/NJ Port AuthorityâYes COâNo WA DOT (2 tunnels)âYes 32. Can you share the video information? 33. Has your agency been successful in managing the fire event? (Please provide an explanation.) Noâ0 Yesâ13 Partiallyâ6
140 34. Do you have an emergency response plan in place? Yesâ22 35. Please explain what are the strengths of your agencyâs fire management program? PA DOTâlocal response time under 10 min PA DOTâEMS/FIRE response under 10 min MD (2 tunnels)âExhaust fan fire pattern moved smoke away from motorists caught behind the fire and the fire department responded quickly to extinguish the fire. The quick response was the result of quarterly meetings between the fire depart- ment and the Authority to discuss response plans. NY/NJ Port AuthorityâCoordination of multiple entities VA CBBT (2 tunnels)â3,000 gallon tanker truck, wrecker fire trucks, wall fire extinguishers, fire pumps, fire department within 7 miles WA DOTâRoutine testing 36. What barriers or difficulties have you or your organization encountered in implementing fire management? (Please check all that apply.) Technical (please explain)â2 Political (please explain)â1 Legal (please explain)â0 Organizational/institutional (please explain)â9 Staffing/resources (please explain)â9 Other (please explain)â0 Noneâ15 37. What are your suggestions on how these barriers can be overcome? NY/NJ Port AuthorityâContinuous training and revision of policy WA DOTâMore specific training for operations and maintenance staff. Section 4 Fire Detection, Fire Protection, Communication 38. What kind of fire detection system does the tun- nel have? (Please check all that apply.) Heat Detection (linear)â4 Heat Detection (other than linear)â0 Smoke Detectionâ0 Pull Stationâ14 CCTVâ18 Video surveillance technologyâ4 Phonesâ16 Other (Please explain)â0 39. What kind of fire protection system does the tun- nel have? (Please check all that apply.) Fire hydrants along the tunnelâ11 Standpipe system with fire hose connections (dry or wet)â17 Fire extinguishers in the tunnelâ20 Fire sprinkler systemâ2 Foam systemâ4 Fire apparatus in the tunnelâ1 40. What kind of fire life safety system does this tunnel have? (Please check all that apply.) Tunnel ventilationâ20 Emergency egressâ9 Egress pressurizationâ2 Other (Please explain)â0 41. What communication systems are used by rescue personnel and others for fire emergency? VA DOT (6 tunnels)âSTARS PA DOTâ800mhz radio MD (2 tunnels)âPortable radio and cellular phone OR DOT (9 tunnels)âRadio, cell phone NY/NJ Port AuthorityâRadio VA CBBT (2 tunnels)âDistrict radio, cell phone statewide radio system CA DOT (5 tunnels)âcall boxes and responding agency comms CA DOT (1 tunnel)âresponding agency comms WA DOTâPortable radio 42. Please explain how quickly your agency is able to detect and clear routine traffic crashes inside this tunnel? VA DOT (7 tunnels)â1/2 h to 1 h for routine vehicu- lar incidents; 4 h for incidents involving fatalities PA DOTâless than 15 min tow trucks on site MD (2 tunnels)âDetection less than 1 minute Clearing approx. 20 minutes; or more depending on nature of crash and involvement of injuries OR DOT (9 tunnels)âCould take 1 h up to 8 h NY/NJ Port AuthorityâDetection is continuous and almost instantaneous VA CBBT (2 tunnels)âNormally less than 20 min 43. Do you have tow trucks in your agency or do you contract out for theses services? Have tow trucksâ14 Contract out for tow trucksâ10 Other (Please explain)â6 44. Are you concerned that your tunnel may not have an adequate fire/life safety system to manage a significant fire event? Please explain. Noâ12 Yesâ19 Section 5 Design 45. Does your agency have their own standard for tunnel design and for fire rating? Yesâ3 Noâ28 Other (Please explain)â0
141 46. What guidance and standards are provided to designers to address the fire design issues for new and for retrofitted tunnels? (Please check all that apply.) NFPA 502â23 ASHRAEâ0 FHWAâ22 Other (Please explain)â6 47. Do you specify the design fire size and fire curve to the designers? (Please check all that apply.) Fire Sizeâ9 Fire Curveâ0 Require to follow the NFPA 502â17 Leave it up to the Consultantâ11 Leave it up to the Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ)â7 Other (Please explain)â1 48. Is security blast design included in the requirements? (Please check all that apply.) Securityâ9 Blast designâ0 Security and blast designâ1 49. Who is the Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ)? Our Agencyâ25 Fire Departmentâ6 Donât knowâ0 Other (Please explain)â0 50. Do you apply a risk assessment approach for fire engineering? Yesâ10 Noâ20 Other (Please explain)â0 51. How do you handle specific risk that cannot be mitigated? MD (2 tunnels)âResponse and recovery plans NY/NJ Port AuthorityâConduct series of âtable topâ drills with agency staff, OEM, and local authorities CA DOT (6 tunnels)âEngineering judgment with AHJ approval 52. What traffic management and safety innovations are deployed or planned to minimize or eliminate problems such as congestion and traffic manage- ment during a fire? PA DOT (2 tunnels)âDetours are in place MD (2 tunnels)âTraffic is held prior to entering the impacted tunnels as soon as a fire is reported. Detour routes are pre-planned and signed. All entry points to the tunnel throughway have dynamic message signs and traffic is warned prior to entering when major incidents impact the tunnel. OR DOT (9 tunnels)âNone NY/NJ Port AuthorityâCoordinate with agency staff, other agency facilities, police at all levels, other agencies, OEM, and local authorities. VA CBBT (2 tunnels)âAll traffic is held at the toll plazas and emergency crewmen stop traffic at the mouth of the tunnel. CA DOT (6 tunnel)âStandard traffic operations, including traffic control and law enforcement 53. Do you have an emergency response plan in place? Yesâ31 Noâ0 Other (Please explain)â0 54. Which agency has the role of incident commander? VA DOT (7 tunnels)âState police or local responders PA DOT (2 tunnels)âlocal EMS/state police MD (2 tunnels)âWe are the incident commanders. OR DOT (9 tunnels)âOregon DOT NY/NJ Port AuthorityâDepends on emergency and location VA CBBT (2 tunnels)âOperations CA DOT (6 tunnels)âState and fire responders WA DOTâLocal fire department 55. What best practices can you share in the areas of prevention, mitigation, and recovery from fire incidence? VA DOT (7 tunnels)âPerform âafter-incidentâ reviews MD (2 tunnels)âMitigation/recoveryâWork closely with local fire departments; our staff that does towing, and contract towers to quickly extinguish the fire and get the burned vehicle, and maintenance staff to clean up debris. OR DOT (9 tunnels)âNone NY/NJ Port AuthorityâAll if permission and non-disclosure agreements are granted 56. Would you consider protection of the tunnel with the fixed fire suppression system (sprinkler system) to meet the new NFPA 502 Max Fire Heat Release Rate Requirements, if proven effective? Yesâ16 Noâ6 Other (Please explain)â9 57. Have you identified gaps in research and design for tunnel fire safety, or fire detection and protection? Noâ29 Yes (Please explain)â2 58. Can you suggest strategies to eliminate the gaps and improve tunnel fire safety? MD (2 tunnels)âConsider co-development of specifications (industry standards) for the devices along with the fire-code requirements such that
142 reliable and maintainable devices are commercially available that are designed for the tunnel environ- ment. Consider the typical tunnel cleaning/ washing operation, chemicals and pollutants present, and dirt/debris build up (e.g., locating a commercially available pull station system for the roadway tunnel application that is reliable over a long time period has proven difficult). 59. Would you consider a fire event to be similar to a seismic event for design purposes? (Example design for the fire event which has a high probability to happen once in 500 years or 2,500 years?) Yesâ22 Noâ12 Other (Please explain)â1 60. What is this tunnel lifeâs expectancy? VA DOT (7 tunnels)âDesign life is 50 years; however, life expectancy typically exceeds 100 years. PA DOT (2 tunnels)â150 years MD (2 tunnels)â100 years is the accepted life expectancy OR DOT (9 tunnels)â100 years VA CBBT (2 tunnels)âDepends on the amount of maintenance performed 61. Do you have any additional suggestions and thoughts on the design for fire emergency? PA DOT (2 tunnels)âsee T-20âs work NY/NJ Port AuthorityâNot at this time 62. Please identify any research that you would like to see performed to help in the implementation of fire safety systems. PA DOT (2 tunnels)âsee T-20âs work MD (2 tunnels)âDirt build up in the fresh air supply ducts. When fans moved to high for testing or during fires the dirt/dust gets blown up. This resembles smoke on CCTV images and it reduces visibility. It is unknown if this causes other concerns for either the public or emergency responders. OR DOT (9 tunnels)âWe need a national design fire size, duration, and heat rating. NY/NJ Port AuthorityâImplementation of a Foam Delivery System Section 6 Operation, Maintenance, Repair, Rehabilitation 63. What types of exercises and other training are provided to staff and first responders to ensure proficiency in response to an incident and how is the training evaluated? VA DOT (7 tunnels)âEmergency response manuals are posted in each tunnelâs control room and staff are expected to be familiar with the manuals. PA DOT (2 tunnels)âYearly review with first responders MD (2 tunnels)âQuarterly meetings with local fire department, Authority Police and Authority Maintenance Operations staff. OR DOT (9 tunnels)âODOT has an emergency drill every two years for first responders. NY/NJ Port AuthorityâBi-annual fire response simulation in the tunnel VA CBBT (2 tunnels)âMonthly safety meetings CA DOT (6 tunnels)âNo formal tunnel fire training; department staff are required to adhere to require- ments of department safety manual and procedures. WA DOT (2 tunnels)âVery little 64. Would you need additional training tools for operators to manage a fire? Tunnel fire/systems simulatorâ19 Noâ11 Other (please explain)â0 65. What equipment and materials are pre-positioned for response and recovery to a fire, such as for the quick removal of disabled vehicles? VA DOT (7 tunnels)âWreckers equipped with materials to contain spills. PA DOT (1 tunnel)âTow trucks on site PA DOT (1 tunnel)âNone MD (2 tunnels)âTow vehicles are present on site. Fire extinguishers. OR DOT (9 tunnels)âNone NY/NJ Port AuthorityâEquipped emergency response vehicle and towing vehicles VA CBBT (2 tunnels)âWreckers and fire trucks are at the end of each tunnel CA DOT (5 tunnels)â1. fire extinguishers; 2. operations center monitors CCTV CA DOT (1 tunnel)âNone WA DOT (2 tunnels)âIncident response trucks for removal of debris and disabled vehicles. 66. What is considered an acceptable response time? VA DOT (7 tunnels)â10â15 minutes PA DOT (1 tunnel)â<3 min tow truck, <10 min EMS PA DOT (1 tunnel)âless than 5 min, EMS less than 10 min MD (2 tunnels)â3â5 minutes OR DOT (9 tunnels)â20 minutes VA CBBT (2 tunnels)â5 minutes WA DOT (2 tunnels)â3â5 minutes 67. How often are tunnels and emergency response equipment inspected and tested? PA DOT (1 tunnel)âDaily MD (2 tunnels)âQuarterly
143 VA CBBT (2 tunnels)âOnce every 8 hours CA DOT (6 tunnels)âCO monitorsâyearly; fire standpipesâ5 years WA DOT (2 tunnels)âVaries depending on the equipment. Could be weekly or yearly or 5 years for structural items. 68. What methods are used to inspect the structural integrity of the tunnel structure both routinely and after a fire? What materials are used to repair concrete after a fire? VA DOT (7 tunnels)âVisual inspection and sound- ing. Concrete is typically repaired with higher strength concrete. PA DOT (2 tunnel)âa) bridge inspectors are called to use techniques used during a bridge inspection. b) concrete; shotcrete MD (2 tunnels)âTunnels are inspected annually as part of our facility inspection program and are inspected by our structural engineers immediately following a fire. OR DOT (9 tunnels)âSounding VA CBBT (2 tunnels)âConsultant engineers inspect the tunnels every year. We have not had to repair any fire damage. CA DOT (6 tunnels)âStructural inspection 2 years with visual inspection 69. If you were to start a new tunnel project, what key elements would you incorporate in the design and construction to aid you in tunnel fire inci- dent management? VA DOT (6 tunnels)âSprinkler system and automatic fire detection system. PA DOT (1 tunnel)âNothing: fire department EMS response time under 10 minutes PA DOT (1 tunnel)âNothing: we have fire depts. very close to our tunnels that can respond in 5 to 10 min. MD (2 tunnels)âAll required elements from NFPA 502. Control systems to automate fire pattern implementation. CCTV or other fire spread detec- tion in fresh air duct, sump pits, and exhaust air ducts. Public communications system (FM broad- cast, PA system, electronic signs, or other means) to instruct the public caught behind the incident. OR DOT (9 tunnels)âDetection equipment and video surveillance CA DOT (6 tunnels)âin accordance with NFPA 502 and AHJ WA DOT (2 tunnels)âMandatory fire system sim- ulator and monthly training for operations staff. 70. Are the lighting and emergency communication system designed to survive major fire events? Yesâ11 No (please explain how to ensure safe evacuation during an incident that involves major fires)â17 Other (Please explain)â2 71. What are the operational protocols for the use of the ventilation system during a fire event? VA DOT (7 tunnels)âControl room personnel identify location of fire (using touch screen) and emergency ventilation modes are activated accordingly. PA DOT (1 tunnel)âAll fans are to be run on high speed until directed otherwise by fire & rescue. MD (2 tunnels)âThe current control systems have been programmed with fire-response plans that automate the implementation of fire patterns. Operators can focus on coordinating the man- power using the CCTV to provide situational awareness and immediately develop scope and scale needs for the emergency response. Opera- tors also can access the regional ITS to imple- ment appropriate traffic controls and warnings. VA CBBT (2 tunnels)âOperations at the incident give requirements at the ventilation building for each incident CA DOT (6 tunnel)âautomatic operation based on CO exposure limits with emergency override by responding AHJ WA DOT (2 tunnels)âFans will ramp up to draw smoke and heat away from roadway. 72. How are the maintenance considerations worked into the design elements of tunnel fire detection and fire suppression systems? PA DOT (1 tunnel)âControls are put in an accessible area. MD (2 tunnels)âDetections systems focus on traffic flow. Fires in the roadway always impact traffic and video based analytics detect abnormal traffic conditions within seconds. We have found smoke detection analytics to false alarm too much. Keep- ing false alarm rates low (below 30â40%) of total alarms is a must to maintain operator trust and involvement. Fire suppression systems are acces- sible for maintenance inspection and utilize heat systems to address freezing issues. CA DOT (6 tunnels)âThere must be access for maintenance WA DOT (2 tunnels)âThrough a collaborative process between Maintenance and Design offices 73. Do you actively screen or otherwise monitor truck cargoes entering the tunnel without disrupting the traffic flow? Yesâ15 Noâ15 Other (Please explain)â0 74. What dangerous cargo is acceptable and how is this enforced? VA DOT (7 tunnels)âVoluntary inspections based on truck placard information
144 MD (2 tunnels)âPropane tanks 20 lb or larger are not allowed. Gasoline tankers are not allowed. Police monitor and enforce with tickets. OR DOT (8 tunnels)âUnrestricted. Signs are in place and restrictions are posted on the ODOT web page. Law enforcement monitors occasionally. OR DOT (1 tunnel)âFlammable cargo is not allowed in the Vista Ridge Tunnels. VA CBBT (2 tunnels)âNo dangerous cargo is permitted. CA DOT (6 tunnels)âTraffic laws are required to enforce vehicle restrictions WA DOT (2 tunnels)âAll cargo 75. What systems do you have plans for repair or replacement of fire or life safety equipment? (Please check all that apply.) Tunnel ventilationâ8 Fire suppressionâ0 Standpipesâ8 Fire detectionâ0 Communicationâ8 Emergency lightingâ6 Other (Please explain)â0 Section 7 Follow-up 76. Please provide any additional information or sug- gestions you may have. PA DOT (2 tunnels)âPlease see info from AASHTO T-20 including the 2005 European Tunnel Scan and the 2009 Domestic Tunnel Scan CA DOT (3 tunnels)âGasoline Tankersâfreely only from (3 a.m.â5 a.m.) The last 2 questions were used so that the researchers could contact the respondent for additional information, if necessary. PART 2: INTERNATIONAL DATA Section 1 Background Information The first 15 questions were used so that the researchers could contact the respondent for additional information, if neces- sary. All this information is shown below. Section 2 General Information Questions 16 and 17 were used to obtain the agency name and the name of the tunnels, respectively. All this informa- tion is shown below. 18. What year was the tunnel built or expected date of completion? See chart below 19. Is the tunnel under supervision? Yes, 24 hrâ7 Yes, except at nightâ0 Noâ0 20. What is the normal traffic operation? Uni-directionalâ6 Bi-directionalâ1 21. When does the tunnel operate in bi-directional mode? (Please check all that apply.) Normallyâ2 At night timeâ0 Off peak hoursâ0 Occasionallyâ0 During Construction/Maintenance in Other tubeâ0 Neverâ4 Other (Please explain)â0 Tunnel agency name No. of surveys submitted No. of tunnels Year tunnel was built Korea Expressway Corporation (Korea) 2 1) Jookryung 2) Average data for 280 (555 tubes) tunnels 1) 2001 2) From 1970 till present Mak Hungary (Hungary) 1 0102hcraMnidetelpmoChtuoS6M Ministère des transports du Québec (Canada) 1 Ville-Marie & Lafontaine 1976 and 1967 Swedish Road Administration 1 6002lennuTatoG Sydney Harbour Tunnel Company (Australia) 1 Sydney Harbour Tunnel 1992 Vägverket (Sweden) 1 Södra Länken 2004
145 22. What type of vehicles use the tunnel? (Please check all that apply.) Carsâ7 Busesâ7 Trucksâ7 HGVâ5 Special Trucks (military)â3 Gasoline Tankers: freelyâ4 Gasoline Tankers: supervised when tunnel is closed for normal trafficâ0 Other Vehiclesâ1 Section 3 Fire Incidents Information 23. How many annual vehicle fire incidents happen in this tunnel (average)? No occurrence (Skip questions 9â18)â1 Happened once in lifetimeâ0 Less than one every yearâ2 From 1 to 2 every yearâ2 From 2 to 5 every yearâ0 Happens at least once a monthâ0 24. What were the most severe vehicle fire incidents in this tunnel? (Please check all that apply.) Motorcycles fireâ0 Passenger car fireâ2 Multiple passenger cars (2â4 vehicles)â0 Vansâ0 Busâ0 Heavy goods truck fireâ3 Multiple trucks fireâ0 Tanker fireâ0 Alternative fuel vehicleâ0 Otherâ0 25. Was there any damage made to this tunnel as a result of the fire incident? No damages. No impact on tunnel operationâ0 No damages. Tunnel was closed for operation for 30 min or moreâ1 Minor damages (no structural damage)â3 Structural damage which required tunnel closure for an extended period of timeâ1 26. Were there any casualties from the fire? Noneâ4 Minorâ0 Majorâ1 27. Has the fire department ever been involved in fire fighting in this tunnel? Neverâ0 Occasionallyâ1 Every timeâ4 28. Was there an investigation performed after the fire? Every timeâ3 Occasionally, depending on fire sizeâ1 Neverâ0 Once (Please explain when)â1 29. What was the estimated maximum fire size? Swedish Road Administration: Swedenâ8 MW Korea Expressway Corporation (280 tunnels): South Koreaâ1 to 57 MW Ministère des transports du Québec (1 tunnel, 2 bores): Canadaâ20 MW Sydney Harbour Tunnel Company: Australiaâ3 MW 30. What was the longest duration of the fire? Vägverket: Swedenâ20 min Korea Expressway Corporation (280 tunnels): South Koreaâ120 min Korea Expressway Corporation (1 tunnel): South Koreaâ25 min Ministère des transports du Québec (1 tunnel, 2 bores): Canadaâ30 min Sydney Harbour Tunnel Company: Australiaâ 10 min 31. Have you videotaped any car fire incidence? Vägverket: SwedenâNo Korea Expressway Corporation (280 tunnels): South KoreaâYes Korea Expressway Corporation (1 tunnel): South KoreaâYes Ministère des transports du Québec (1 tunnel, 2 bores): CanadaâYes Sydney Harbour Tunnel Company: AustraliaâYes 32. Can you share the video information? 33. Has your agency been successful in managing the fire event? (Please provide an explanation.) Noâ0 Yesâ5 Partiallyâ0 34. Do you have an emergency response plan in place? Yesâ6 35. Please explain what are the strengths of your agencyâs fire management program? Korea Expressway Corporation (280 tunnels): South Korea 1. Manualized procedure 2. Skilled with fire drill 3. Feedback from design and construction
146 Korea Expressway Corporation (1 tunnel): South Koreaâ 1. Manualized procedure 2. Skilled with fire drill 3. Feedback from design and construction Ministère des transports du Québec (1 tunnel, 2 bores): CanadaâFrequent fire simulation and proximity of firefighters Sydney Harbour Tunnel Company: Australiaâ Immediate use of a deluge system if required 36. What barriers or difficulties have you or your organization encountered in implementing fire management? (Please check all that apply.) Technical (please explain)â0 Political (please explain)â1 Legal (please explain)â0 Organizational/institutional (please explain)â1 Staffing/resources (please explain)â1 Other (please explain)â0 Noneâ2 37. What are your suggestions on how these barriers can be overcome? Mak Hungary: HungaryâWe installed fire detec- tion in the new tunnels with direct lines to the Fire Brigade and installed fire hydrants every 100 m. Korea Expressway Corporation (1 tunnel): South Koreaâ Monitoring HGVs Vehicle maintenance Installing smoke extraction Escape route Ministère des transports du Québec (1 tunnel, 2 bores): CanadaâFrequent training and debriefing. Sydney Harbour Tunnel Company: Australiaâ Blunt meetings Section 4 Fire Detection, Fire Protection, Communication 38. What kind of fire detection system does the tunnel have? (Please check all that applies.) Heat Detection (linear)â5 Heat Detection (other than linear)â2 Smoke Detectionâ3 Pull Stationâ0 CCTVâ6 Video surveillance technologyâ3 Phonesâ7 Other (Please explain)â4 39. What kind of fire protection system does the tunnel have? (Please check all that apply.) Fire Hydrants along the tunnelâ5 Standpipe system with fire hose connections (dry or wet)â2 Fire extinguishers in the tunnelâ6 Fire sprinkler systemâ3 Foam systemâ1 Fire apparatus in the tunnelâ1 40. What kind of fire life safety system does this tunnel have? (Please check all that apply.) Tunnel ventilationâ7 Emergency egressâ6 Egress pressurizationâ3 Other (Please explain)â2 41. What communication systems are used by rescue personnel and others for fire emergency? Swedish Road Administration: Swedenâ Emergency phones and loudspeakers Vägverket: SwedenâRadio and cell phones Mak Hungary: HungaryâWall telephones every 100 m Korea Expressway Corporation (280 tunnels): South KoreaâRadio repeater Korea Expressway Corporation (1 tunnel): South KoreaâRadio repeater Ministère des transports du Québec (1 tunnel, 2 bores): CanadaâRadio Sydney Harbour Tunnel Company: Australiaâ Radio and fire phones 42. Please explain how quickly your agency is able to detect and clear routine traffic crashes inside this tunnel? Swedish Road Administration: SwedenâOur CCTV detects stopped vehicle in 30 seconds and our assistance car or fire department are on place in 10 minutes Vägverket: SwedenâDetect in minutes. Cleared in 30 min or 60 if there are injuries Mak Hungary: Hungaryâ2 min Korea Expressway Corporation (280 tunnels): South KoreaâDetect in 2.2 min and clear in 54 min Korea Expressway Corporation (1 tunnel): South KoreaâAverage detection time: 2.2 min Average time to arrive at site: 8.7 min Ministère des transports du Québec (1 tunnel, 2 bores): Canadaâ15 min Sydney Harbour Tunnel Company: Australiaâ within 10 min 43. Do you have tow trucks in your agency or do you contract out for theses services? Have tow trucksâ0 Contract out for tow trucksâ6 Other (Please explain)â0
147 44. Are you concerned that your tunnel may not have an adequate fire/life safety system to manage a significant fire event? Please explain. Vägverket: SwedenâThe problem is with congested traffic. The fire safety design is based on a fire flow traffic, which travels faster than the smoke. When thereâs risk of congestion, the tunnel entry will shut down. Korea Expressway Corporation (280 tunnels): South KoreaâLittle concern with hardware. Software and skilled staff in charge is more important. Sydney Harbour Tunnel Company: AustraliaâNo Section 5 Design 45. Does your agency have their own standard for tunnel design and for Fire Rating? Yesâ4 Noâ3 Other (Please explain)â0 46. What guidance and standards are provided to designers to address the fire design issues for new and for retrofitted tunnels? (Please check all that apply.) NFPA 502â1 ASHRAEâ0 FHWAâ0 Other (Please explain)â5 (Tunnel04, European Union, domestic regulation, PIARC) 47. Do you specify the design fire size and fire curve to the designers? (Please check all that apply.) Fire Sizeâ4 Fire Curveâ3 Required to follow the NFPA 502â1 Leave it up to the Consultantâ2 Leave it up to the Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ)â2 Other (Please explain)â1 (Risk Analysis) 48. Is security blast design included in the require- ments? (Please check all that apply.) Securityâ2 Blast Designâ1 Security and Blast Designâ2 49. Who is the Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ)? Our agencyâ1 Fire departmentâ3 Donât knowâ0 Other (Please explain)â2 50. Do you apply a risk assessment approach for fire engineering? Yesâ7 Noâ0 Other (Please explain)â0 51. How do you handle specific risk that cannot be mitigated? Vägverket: SwedenâImprove the safety measures, such as distance between exits, FFFS, traffic control, etc. Korea Expressway Corporation (280 tunnels): South KoreaâMain goal is to minimize specific risk such as chemical tanker leak or explosive material. Korea Expressway Corporation (1 tunnel): South KoreaâMain goal is to minimize specific risk such as chemical tanker leak or explosive material. Ministère des transports du Québec (1 tunnel, 2 bores): CanadaâWhen we can we eliminate the risk at the source; otherwise, we try to miti- gate by being prepared to intervene optimally. Sydney Harbour Tunnel Company: Australiaâ Vigilance 52. What traffic management and safety innovations are deployed or planned to minimize or eliminate problems such as congestion and traffic manage- ment during a fire? Vägverket: SwedenâThe tunnel entrances are shut automatically, ramp metering are reducing traffic at the surface to let the cars leave the tunnel as quickly as possible. Korea Expressway Corporation (280 tunnels): South KoreaâEntrance shut equipment, Lane control system, Variable messaging sign by Patrol per- sonnel Korea Expressway Corporation (1 tunnel): South KoreaâEntrance suspension equipment, Lane control system, Variable messaging sign control by patrol car Ministère des transports du Québec (1 tunnel, 2 bores): CanadaâITS, detection, and communications equipment Sydney Harbour Tunnel Company: Australiaâ Vigilance Waterscreen displaying a 7 à 4.5 m stop sign 53. Do you have an emergency response plan in place? Yesâ5 Noâ0 Other (Please explain)â2 54. Which agency has the role of incident commander? Vägverket: Swedenâfire brigade Mak Hungary: Hungaryâfire brigade Korea Expressway Corporation (280 tunnels): South KoreaâIn cooperation with fire department
148 Korea Expressway Corporation (1 tunnel): South KoreaâIn cooperation with fire department Ministère des transports du Québec (1 tunnel, 2 bores): CanadaâFirefighters Sydney Harbour Tunnel Company: AustraliaâFire brigade once on site 55. What best practices can you share in the areas of prevention, mitigation, and recovery from fire incidence? Korea Expressway Corporation (280 tunnels): South KoreaâFrom the case of Dalsung Tunnel acci- dent, which is explosion of missile propellant. Korea Expressway Corporation (1 tunnel): South KoreaâExplosion of missile projectile case in Dalsung Tunnel >20 hours to re-open >3 month to full recovery Sydney Harbour Tunnel Company: Australiaâ Video smoke detection. Alert operators Deluge system 56. Would you consider protection of the tunnel with the fixed fire suppression system (sprinkler system) to meet the new NFPA 502 Max Fire Heat Release Rate Requirements, if proven effective? Yesâ4 Noâ2 Other (Please explain)â0 57. Have you identified gaps in research and design for tunnel fire safety, or fire detection and protection? Noâ2 Yes (Please explain)â4 58. Can you suggest strategies to eliminate the gaps and improve tunnel fire safety? Vägverket: SwedenâMore research to develop the installations in a more cost-effective way Korea Expressway Corporation (1 tunnel): South Koreaâ Promotion (PR) Accident prevention Improvement of facilities Sydney Harbour Tunnel Company: Australiaâ Closer ties to other operators 59. Would you consider a fire event to be similar to a seismic event for design purposes? (Example design for the fire event which has a high probabil- ity to happen once in 500 years or 2,500 years?) Yesâ0 Noâ5 Other (Please explain)â1 60. What is this tunnel lifeâs expectancy? Swedish Road Administrationâ80 years Vägverket: Swedenâ100 years Mak Hungary: Hungaryâ200 years Korea Expressway Corporation (280 tunnels): South Koreaâ50 to 100 years Korea Expressway Corporation (1 tunnel): South Koreaâ50 to 100 years Ministère des transports du Québec (1 tunnel, 2 bores): Canadaâ100 years Sydney Harbour Tunnel Company: Australiaâ 100 years 61. Do you have any additional suggestions and thoughts on the design for fire emergency? Vägverket: SwedenâThere are 100 m between the emergency exits. The fire brigade can use these to reach an accident and never have to take the risk of entering the burning tunnel with their vehicles. Korea Expressway Corporation (1 tunnel): South KoreaâEquipping extinguisher and respirator should be forced by law 62. Please identify any research that you would like to see performed to help in the implementation of fire safety systems. Vägverket: SwedenâMore research to develop the installations in a more cost-effective way Section 6 Operation, Maintenance, Repair, Rehabilitation 63. What types of exercises and other training are provided to staff and first responders to ensure proficiency in response to an incident and how is the training evaluated? Vägverket: SwedenâThe staff of the traffic com- mand centre have annual exercises to handle a large accident. The personnel in the incident response vehicles have a full fire fighter training and annual exercises. Korea Expressway Corporation (1 tunnel): South KoreaâAnnual fire drill with fire department by manual, technical education, spot check, real fire case evaluation Ministère des transports du Québec (1 tunnel, 2 bores): CanadaâVentilation test with fire and smoke Sydney Harbour Tunnel Company: Australiaâ We burn cars in the tunnel to demonstrate the smoke, heat, and noise to our operators. This also enables the deluge and ventilation to be proven. All operators have to complete task books on a regular basis.
149 64. Would you need additional training tools for operators to manage a fire? Tunnel Fire/Systems Simulatorâ4 Noâ2 Other (please explain)â1 65. What equipment and materials are pre-positioned for response and recovery to a fire, such as for the quick removal of disabled vehicles? Vägverket: SwedenâThe incident response vehi- cles are positioned so that they can reach any part of the tunnel system within 5 minutes 24-7. The tow trucks have a quick response time. Mak Hungary: HungaryâThe fire brigade has their own container full of rescue equipment Korea Expressway Corporation (1 tunnel): South KoreaâSpecial equipment to tow for special trucks Ministère des transports du Québec (1 tunnel, 2 bores): CanadaâTowing trucks Sydney Harbour Tunnel Company: AustraliaâTwo tow trucks during peak periods 66. What is considered an acceptable response time? Swedish Road Administrationâ10 min Vägverket: Swedenâ5 min Korea Expressway Corporation (280 tunnels): South Koreaâ10 to 15 min Korea Expressway Corporation (1 tunnel): South Koreaâ10 to 15 min Ministère des transports du Québec (1 tunnel, 2 bores): Canadaâ7 min Sydney Harbour Tunnel Company: AustraliaâLess than 2 min 67. How often are tunnels and emergency response equipment inspected and tested? Swedish Road AdministrationâDepends Vägverket: SwedenâAnnually Korea Expressway Corporation (280 tunnels): South KoreaâAt least once a month Korea Expressway Corporation (1 tunnel): South KoreaâAt least once a month Ministère des transports du Québec (1 tunnel, 2 bores): Canadaâ2 times a year Sydney Harbour Tunnel Company: Australiaâ Every 6 months 68. What methods are used to inspect the structural integrity of the tunnel structure both routinely and after a fire? What materials are used to repair concrete after a fire? Vägverket: SwedenâThe road authority provides specialists after an incident. There are maintenance done in the tunnels every month, and the tunnel structures are checked after a time schedule. Sydney Harbour Tunnel Company: Australiaâ Consultants 69. If you were to start a new tunnel project, what key elements would you incorporate in the design and construction to aid you in tunnel fire incident management? Vägverket: SwedenâTraffic control on the surface around the tunnel, to insure that the traffic can get out of the tunnel system quickly. Korea Expressway Corporation (1 tunnel): South Koreaâsmoke extraction in combination with ventilation FFFS Sydney Harbour Tunnel Company: Australiaâ Deluge and clear identification of deluge zones 70. Are the lighting and emergency communication system designed to survive major fire events? Yesâ5 No (please explain how to ensure safe evacuation during an incident that involves major fires)â1 Other (Please explain)â0 71. What are the operational protocols for the use of the ventilation system during a fire event? Vägverket: SwedenâYes, the ventilation is very important in case of a fire. Mak Hungary: HungaryâManual Korea Expressway Corporation (1 tunnel): South KoreaâKeep critical velocity after completion of evacuation downstream of fire Ministère des transports du Québec (1 tunnel, 2 bores): CanadaâPreprogrammed scenarios are operated and depend on the fire location, with regard to the camera seeing the fire Sydney Harbour Tunnel Company: Australiaâ Preprogrammed for single fire, multiple fire, and congested tunnel. 72. How are the maintenance considerations worked into the design elements of tunnel fire detection and fire suppression systems? Vägverket: SwedenâNo key parts in the traffic tunnel, as much maintenance as possible should be carried out in technical rooms and emergency exits. Korea Expressway Corporation (1 tunnel): South KoreaâEvery result of maintenance, fire drill, and fire accident are considered into design. For example, corrosion problems of metals in the tunnel, false alarm of FFFS, etc. Sydney Harbour Tunnel Company: Australiaâ Video smoke detection does not require access
150 to the tunnel. Cameras must be located at about 60 m intervals 73. Do you actively screen or otherwise monitor truck cargoes entering the tunnel without disrupting the traffic flow? Yesâ1 Noâ5 Other (Please explain)â0 74. What dangerous cargo is acceptable and how is this enforced? Vägverket: SwedenâAll types of cargo at night, no explosive cargo at daytime. Korea Expressway Corporation (280 tunnels): South KoreaâNo restriction Korea Expressway Corporation (1 tunnel): South KoreaâNo restriction of material. Only loading method is restricted. Ministère des transports du Québec (1 tunnel, 2 bores): Canadaâ Sydney Harbour Tunnel Company: Australiaâ None, government agency responsibility 75. What systems do you have plans for repair or replacement of fire or life safety equipment? (Please check all that apply.) Tunnel ventilationâ0 Fire suppressionâ0 Standpipesâ1 Fire detectionâ0 Communicationâ0 Emergency lightingâ0 Other (Please explain)â0 Section 7 Follow-up 76. Please provide any additional information or suggestions you may have. Sydney Harbour Tunnel Company: Australiaâ Provide good training to good operators with the right tools to do the job The last two questions were used so that the researchers could contact the respondent for additional information, if necessary.