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CHAPTER TEN
COMPILATION OF DESIGN GUIDANCE, STANDARDS, AND REGULATIONS
Design guidance, regulations, standards, and reports developed · The tunnel, the emergency exits, and rescue access
around the world are shown in Table 25. This table was lighting are defined by a minimal assisted luminance
compiled from a review of different literature sources. level.
· The requirements for traffic signage, both outside and
PIARC, NFPA, the United Nations (UN), European Union within the tunnel, and signage for pedestrian exit and
(EU) requirements and other international guidelines are well rescue, are generally clearly outlined in the guidelines.
recognized around the world. EU Directive 2004/54/EC aims · Communication and alarm systems, such as emergency
at ensuring a minimum level of safety for road users in tunnels telephones and alarm push-buttons are generally con-
in the trans-European network. sidered to be the minimum basic elements. However,
the required spacing varies from 50 to 250 m (164 to
The U.K. Design Manual for Roads and Bridges (BD 820.2 ft); the value of 150 m (492.1 ft) is specified by the
78/99) covers the procedures required for the design of new European directive. Requirements focused on the auto-
and refurbished road tunnels (53). In addition, it provides guid- matic alarms on equipment, automatic incident detection,
ance for the necessary equipment and the required operational fire or smoke detection, and on radio rebroadcast. The
and maintenance systems. PIARC is currently developing new installation of loudspeakers within the tunnel itself is not
recommendations on tunnel fire safety design that are sched- common, but requested in the evacuation facilities or
uled to be released in 2011. shelters for the users.
· For traffic regulation and monitoring equipment, mea-
Traffic density and tunnel length is determined in the defi- surements must be adapted to the surveillance level of the
nition of the safety measures of many countries. This allows tunnel. Guidelines were primarily established to allow
several countries to define tunnel categories (United Kingdom, for quick detection of the traffic incidents, such as traffic
Austria, Norway, France, Japan, and United States). speed, density measurement, video control, and the means
for a quick closure of the tunnel. The thermographic por-
· The passenger exit and the emergency access for rescue tal detectors that locate abnormally hot trucks before they
staff generally are covered by national regulations. Inter- enter the tunnel are never prescribed.
distances between escape routes vary from 100 to 400 m · The requirements for an emergency power supply for
(328.1 to 1,312.3 ft); the European directive defines a the safety equipment are generally well-specified.
maximum distance of 500 m (1,640.4 ft). NFPA 502 does · Regarding fire fighting, the distribution of fire extinguish-
not allow for emergency exits to be spaced more than ers and fire hydrants of sufficient capacity throughout the
300 m (984.3 ft) apart, with spacing justified by engi- tunnel, as well as the presence of a water network and fire
neering analysis. The spacing requirement for shelters is hydrants of sufficient capacity, are prescriptive. Sev-
not as frequent; however, these must have an access way eral countries place hydrants every 150 and 250 m (492.1
connected to the outside (France, European directive). and 820.2 ft), whereas the European directive notes the
· In many countries, the drainage of flammable liq- maximum value of 500 m (1,640.4 ft). The installation
uid appears to be a well-defined safety element, with of a fixed fire suppression system is not imposed in any
civil engineering and geometry arrangements specially regulation.
adapted.
· For safety equipment, ventilation and smoke control The structure and equipment require ample fire require-
during a fire are considered fundamental and in most ments. The structural resistance requirements vary from
countries are defined by detailed guidelines. From these very prescriptive requirements (Germany) to more or less
guidelines the following can be summarized: Mechan- performance-based criteria (France, Austria, and Norway).
ical ventilation is a necessity for long tunnels. The The criteria are given in terms of duration and specified fire
required air volumes and velocities or the objectives curves or HRRs. Documented calculations are required in all
must be met according to the selected design fire (per- guidelines. Equipment resistance to heat is specified by heat
formance-based approach). Requirements are speci- reaction or resistance. The European directive defines
fied to prevent smoke penetrating emergency exits and these requirements much less precisely than many national
rescue access. guidelines. The following gaps have been noted
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TABLE 25
DESIGN GUIDANCE, REGULATIONS, STANDARDS, AND REPORTS DEVELOPED AROUND THE WORLD
Country Title ID Type Publisher/Year
1 U.S. NFPA 502 NFPA Standard 2008 and proposal for
2011 edition
2 U.S. Prevention and U.S.DOT, FHWA Report FHWA.dot.gov (2002)
Control of Highway
Tunnel Fires
3 U.S. Underground U.S.DOT, FHWA, Report NCHRP 06.2006
Transportation AASHTO
Systems in Europe
4 U.S. Making TCRP, NCHRP Report TCRP Report 86/NCHRP
Transportation Report 525
Tunnels Safe and
Secure
5 U.S. Enclosed Vehicular ASHRAE Handbook 2011 (every 4 years)
Facilities
6 UN Recommendations of UN Report Economic and Social
the Group of Experts TRANS/AC.7.9 Council, Inland Transport
on Safety in Road Committee (2001)
Tunnels
7 Australia Fire Safety Guideline AFAC Guideline Australian Fire Authority
for Road Tunnels Council (2001)
8 Austria Guidelines and RVS, IBS Guideline Transportation and Road
Regulations for Road Research
Tunnel Design Association (2001)
9 Austria Guidance document ÖBFV Code (regulation) Austrian fire department.
A-13 for fire safety in document based on
road tunnels European Directive
2004AEA4/EC
10 France Inter-ministry circular Circular Government Ministry for intra-
no. 2000-63 of 25 2000t63A2; circular structure, transport,
August 2000 relating CETU, CNPP; spatial planning tourism,
to the safety of INERIS and the sea (2000)
tunnels in the national
highways network
11 France Inter-ministerial Circ2000-82N2 Governmental Ministry for intra-
circular no.2000-82 circular structure, transport,
of 30 November spatial planning tourism,
2000 concerning the and the sea (2000)
regulation of traffic
with dangerous goods
in road tunnels of the
national network
12 France Law no. 2002-3 of 3 Law2002-J2 Law Law 2002-3, art. 2
January 2002 relative
to safety of
infrastructures and
transport systems, etc.
13 France Risk studies for road ESD Guidelines Guide 2002
tunnels: Guide to
methodology
(continued on next page)
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TABLE 25
(continued)
14 Germany Guidelines for RABT, DMT, Guidelines Road and Transportation
equipment and SOLIT, STUVA, Research Association
operation of road VdS, VFDB
tunnels
15 Germany ZTV Additional ZTVTunnel Technical 1995
Technical Conditions addendum 1999
for the Construction
of Road Tunnels
- Part 1 Closed
Construction
- Part 2 Open
Construction
16 Italy Tunnel lighting UNIMilano Guidelines July 2003
U29000240
17 Italy Circular 6 Dec. 1999. Circular Governmental 1999
Safety of Traffic in 06.12.1999 circular
Road Tunnels with
Particular Reference
to Vehicles
Transporting
Dangerous Materials
18 Italy Functional and Ministry of Ministerial General Inspectorate for
geometrical standard Infrastructure and decree Traffic and Road Safety
for construction Transport
of roads
19 Japan Design Principles, -- Corporation Japan Highway
Vol. 3 guideline Public Corporation
(Tunnel) Part (4) (1998)
(Tunnel Safety
facilities)
20 Japan Installation Standards Safety standards Japan Highway
for Road Tunnel Public Corporation
Emergency Facilities
21 Korea National Fire Safety NFSC Code (regulation) Korea National
Codes Emergency Management
Agency
22 Korea Guideline for GIST Guideline Ministry of Construction
Installation of & Transportation (2004)
Safety Facility in
Road Tunnels
23 Netherlands Technical standards Rijkswaterstaat; Guideline Dutch Ministry of
for the provisions and TNO (UPTUN) Transport and National
installations RWS Regulator
curves
24 Norway Norwegian design Public Roads Guideline/ Handbook 021
guide, roads, tunnels Administration, manual issued by
Directorate of public authority
Public Roads
25 Norway Road Tunnels Staten Vegvesen Government Norwegian Public Roads
(SINTEF NBL) guideline Administration,
Directorate of Public
Roads (2004)
26 Norway Risk analysis of fire (Norwegian Guideline for a Issued
in road tunnels Council for Norwegian by the Standardisation
(continued on next page)
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82
TABLE 25
(continued)
Construction Standard Council (2000)
Standards)
27 Russia Construction Rules SNIP Guideline State Construction
and Regulations Committee (GOSSTROI)
(SNIP) # 32-04-97
"Railway and Road
Tunnels"
28 Spain Manual for the IOS-98 Manuals are Nov. 1998
Design, Construction effectively
and Operation of standards
Tunnels
29 Spain Road Instruction, IC Norma 3.1 Dec. 1999
Norm, Alignment
30 Spain Road Instruction, IC Norma 8.1 Dec. 1999
Norm, Vertical
signals
31 Sweden Tunnel 2004 Tunnel 2004 Guideline Swedish National Road
Administration (2004)
32 Sweden Comparison and SP Report 2007:08 Report SP Swedish National
Review of Safety Testing and Research
Design Guidelines for Institute Report 2007
Road Tunnels
33 Sweden Model Scale Tunnel SP Report 2006:56 Report SP Swedish National
Fire Tests: Sprinkler Testing and Research
Institute
Brandforskprojekt 406-
021
34 Switzerland Guidelines for the ASTRA (Swiss Guidelines by the 2005 (updated)
Design of Road Federal Roads federal roads
Tunnels. Office) office
35 Switzerland Ventilation of Road ASTRA (Swiss Guidelines Federal roads office
Tunnels, Selection of Federal Roads (2004)
System, Design and Office)
Operation
36 UK Design Manual for BD 78/99 Guideline and The Highway Agency
Roads and Bridges, requirements (1999)
Vol. 2: Highway
Structure Design
Section 2, Part 9,
BD 78/99: Design of
Road Tunnels
37 EU Directive 2004/54/EC Directive Code (regulation) European
of the European 2004/54/EC parliament and the
parliament and the council (2004)
council
38 EU European Tunnel UPTUN; L-SURF Recommendation www.uptun.net; www.l-
Research Program surf.org
39 PIARC Fire and Smoke PIARC Recommendation PIARC (1999)
Control in Road
Tunnels 05.05.B
40 PIARC Road Tunnels: PIARC Recommendation PIARC (2008)
Operational Strategies
for Emergency
Ventilation
41 PIARC Road Safety in PIARC Recommendation PIARC (1995)
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