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GLOSSARY
Alignment--the pathway on which the train travels; in the may be at or above ground level. Examples: Metropolitan
light rail transit industry, alignment is also frequently Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority (MARTA), Washington
referred to as the guideway or the fixed guideway; in the Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA), and the
heavy, commuter, and freight rail industry, this is most Metropolitan Transportation Authority's New York City
often referred to as the right-of-way. Transit (NYCT).
Analog surveillance system --analog cameras convert Injury--harm to a person resulting from a single event,
information to an analog signal that may be displayed in activity, occurrence, or exposure of short duration.
real time on a monitor, recorded onto a videotape storage
Light rail--features lightweight passenger rail vehicles that
device, or both; the first generation of surveillance sys-
operate singly or in two- or four-car trains on fixed rails
tems were all analog, but as transit agencies upgrade their
on alignments that often share streets and roadways with
systems most are turning to digital technology.
other traffic. Light rail systems are generally powered by
At-grade --tracks are at-grade when they are on the same an overhead electric line; passengers board in stations or
level as the roadway or the existing rail tracks that they from track-side stops in the street. Streetcars are a type of
parallel; grade-separated tracks are those above or below light rail service with frequent stops and nearly the entire
the existing roadway or tracks. route is operated in streets to allow passengers to board
and alight quickly. Examples: Denver's Regional Trans-
Commuter rail--FRA-compliant railcars powered by either
portation District (RTD), Utah Transit Agency, and
diesel or electricity that provide regional passenger service
Phoenix's Valley Metro Rail.
or service between a central city and its suburbs. Com-
muter rail service is provided on regular railroads or for- Overt surveillance --cameras are in view of the public and
mer railroad rights-of-way; trains may be self-propelled or their existence is generally accompanied by signage
hauled by locomotives. Commuter rail is characterized by alerting people that they are in an area that is under video
high-speed, infrequent-stop service. Examples: Virginia surveillance. There is a strong crime prevention element
Railway Express (VRE), the Metropolitan Transportation to such systems, but, depending on how accessible and
Administration's Long Island Railroad (LIRR) and Metro- visible the cameras are to the public, there is a possibility
North Railroad (MNRR), New Jersey Transit (NJT), and of tampering with and vandalizing the equipment.
Northstar Commuter Rail (Minneapolis, MN).
Pan-tilt-zoom camera--a camera that can pan (move left
Consist (pronounced CON-sist) --a group of railcars com- and right), tilt (move up and down), and zoom in or out;
bined to make up a train; four rail cars running as one its dome can rotate 360 degrees to view an object directly
train is called a four-car consist. below it. Pan-tilt-zoom cameras are preferred because of
their greater viewing range and because the camera can
Covert surveillance --cameras are hidden and there is no
be remotely controlled by viewers to look more closely at
signage indicating their installation; this approach is best
specific events that have attracted their attention or to
suited to crime detection and in a transit environment
which they have been alerted by analytics.
would most likely be installed where a problem with crime
or fraud has been established and the agency's aim is to Right-of-way (ROW) --the pathway on which the train
make apprehensions to pursue criminal or civil actions. travels; any piece of equipment/person within 25 feet of
the track is considered to be in the ROW. [See also
Digital surveillance system --digital cameras convert
Alignment]
image information into data that can be displayed, stored,
or both; because storage is on a compact disk or a com- Semi-covert surveillance --cameras are in public view but
puter's hard drive, it is less space-intensive than an ana- concealed, often behind one-way transparent cases; this
log system; additionally, because exact copies of the approach is similar in its crime prevention efforts to an
images can be made, they are considered more accurate overt system but provides greater protection to the equip-
and more dependable than analog systems as evidence for ment and makes it more difficult for the public to know
cases involving retroactive investigation. the number of cameras or their exact locations.
Heavy rail--electric railways characterized by high speed Transit system--the facilities, equipment, personnel, and
and rapid acceleration; passenger railcars that operate on procedures needed to provide and maintain public transit
rights-of-way separate from other vehicular and/or service.
pedestrian traffic; trains are boarded in stations from
Trespassers --persons on a railroad's property in railroad
high-level platforms. The service may be referred to as a
operation whose presence is prohibited or unlawful; a
subway although stations and parts of the right-of-way
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person on a highway-rail crossing is not classified as a contractors), and persons adjacent to railroad premises
trespasser unless the crossing is protected by gates or when they are injured owing to railroad operations. Off
barriers that were closed when the person entered the railroad property they are persons affected by an event
crossing, or unless the person attempted to pass over, which begins on railroad property but ends on non-rail-
under, or between cars or locomotives of a train occupy- road property, for example, a derailment that results in a
ing the crossing. Non-trespassers on railroad property release of hazardous materials onto non-railroad prop-
are persons lawfully on property used in railroad opera- erty, which injures a "nontrespasser" located on
tion (other than employees, passengers, trespassers, or that property.
