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5 CHAPTER TWO INTEGRATIVE DAMAGE MANAGEMENT cessful in dispersing Canada geese in urban and suburban communities (Holevinski et al. 2007). A combination of lasers, distress calls, and pyrotechnics was 98% effective in reducing crow abundance at urban roosts (Chipman et al. 2008). Lethal control can also enhance the efficacy of harassment and deterrent techniques at airports (Dolbeer et al. 1993). Although integration of multiple deterrent, harassment, and repellent techniques can likely reduce bird use of air- ports more than any single technique, habitat within the airport and surrounding landscape must also be considered. Following distribution theory, as habitat suitability on and adjacent to the airport increases, use of this habitat by birds and other wildlife at the individual and population level will also increase. In turn, reductions in habitat suitability would be expected to result in reduced bird and other wildlife use. As habitat becomes less suitable, the potential for enhanced effectiveness of deterrent, harassment, and repellent tech- niques should increase. To maximize reduction of bird use of airports or other areas, integrated approaches employing multiple techniques are generally more successful and more widely used than indi- vidual techniques (Conover 2002). In addition to harass- ment, deterrent, and exclusion techniques, other categories of bird damage management including habitat management and lethal control must be implemented when appropriate. There are several examples (e.g., Montoney and Boggs 1995; Belant 1997; Tobin 1998) of integrated approaches having improved effectiveness over single techniques. Mott and Timbrook (1988) demonstrated greater reductions in goose abundance at campgrounds when incorporating goose alarm and distress calls with pyrotechnics. Waterfowl use of ponds was reduced when motion-activated frightening devices were integrated with a chemical repellent (Stevens et al. 2000). An integrated approach including harassment tech- niques and public education was effective in reducing goose abundance and the number of nuisance complaints (Preusser et al. 2008). Use of multiple hazing techniques, particularly those that included the use of border collies, was most suc-
