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Performance of Corrugated Pipe Manufactured with Recycled Polyethylene Content (2011)

Chapter: Appendix G - Proposed Draft Standard Specification for Recycled Content Containing HDPE Resin Formulations for Corrugated Pipe Made to AASHTO Standard M294-Recycled

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix G - Proposed Draft Standard Specification for Recycled Content Containing HDPE Resin Formulations for Corrugated Pipe Made to AASHTO Standard M294-Recycled." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Performance of Corrugated Pipe Manufactured with Recycled Polyethylene Content. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14570.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix G - Proposed Draft Standard Specification for Recycled Content Containing HDPE Resin Formulations for Corrugated Pipe Made to AASHTO Standard M294-Recycled." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Performance of Corrugated Pipe Manufactured with Recycled Polyethylene Content. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14570.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix G - Proposed Draft Standard Specification for Recycled Content Containing HDPE Resin Formulations for Corrugated Pipe Made to AASHTO Standard M294-Recycled." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Performance of Corrugated Pipe Manufactured with Recycled Polyethylene Content. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14570.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix G - Proposed Draft Standard Specification for Recycled Content Containing HDPE Resin Formulations for Corrugated Pipe Made to AASHTO Standard M294-Recycled." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Performance of Corrugated Pipe Manufactured with Recycled Polyethylene Content. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14570.
×
Page 88
Page 89
Suggested Citation:"Appendix G - Proposed Draft Standard Specification for Recycled Content Containing HDPE Resin Formulations for Corrugated Pipe Made to AASHTO Standard M294-Recycled." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Performance of Corrugated Pipe Manufactured with Recycled Polyethylene Content. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14570.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix G - Proposed Draft Standard Specification for Recycled Content Containing HDPE Resin Formulations for Corrugated Pipe Made to AASHTO Standard M294-Recycled." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Performance of Corrugated Pipe Manufactured with Recycled Polyethylene Content. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14570.
×
Page 90
Page 91
Suggested Citation:"Appendix G - Proposed Draft Standard Specification for Recycled Content Containing HDPE Resin Formulations for Corrugated Pipe Made to AASHTO Standard M294-Recycled." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Performance of Corrugated Pipe Manufactured with Recycled Polyethylene Content. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14570.
×
Page 91
Page 92
Suggested Citation:"Appendix G - Proposed Draft Standard Specification for Recycled Content Containing HDPE Resin Formulations for Corrugated Pipe Made to AASHTO Standard M294-Recycled." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Performance of Corrugated Pipe Manufactured with Recycled Polyethylene Content. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14570.
×
Page 92
Page 93
Suggested Citation:"Appendix G - Proposed Draft Standard Specification for Recycled Content Containing HDPE Resin Formulations for Corrugated Pipe Made to AASHTO Standard M294-Recycled." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Performance of Corrugated Pipe Manufactured with Recycled Polyethylene Content. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14570.
×
Page 93

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G-1 A P P E N D I X G Proposed Draft Standard Specification for Recycled Content Containing HDPE Resin Formulations for Corrugated Pipe Made to AASHTO Standard M294-Recycled

G-2 DRAFT ____________________________________________________________ Standard Specification for SPECIFICATION FOR RECYCLED CONTAINING HDPE RESIN FORMULATIONS FOR CORRUGATED PIPE MADE TO AASHTO SPECIFICATION M-294-RECYCLED AASHTO Draft Standard XXX-XX ____________________________________________________________ 1. SCOPE 1.1 This specification covers the quality HDPE resin formulations containing recycled HDPE that are intended for use in AASHTO M294–Recycled approved corrugated drainage pipe, in sizes 300- to 1500-mm (12- to 60-in) diameter. 1.2 The recycled polyethylene may be either post-commercial or post-industrial. 1.3 This specification presents a set of properties to be met for the resin and test frequencies. 1.4 This specification can be used by resin containing recycled PE suppliers as part of manufacturing quality control (MQC), or by pipe manufacturers or independent bodies as manufacturing quality assurance (MQA). ______________________________________________________________________ 2. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS 2.1 ASTM Standards: D638, Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics D790, Test Method for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials D792, Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Relative Density) of Plastics by Displacement D1238, Test Method for Melt Flow Rates of Thermoplastics by Extrusion Plastometer D1505, Test Method for Density of Plastics by the Density-Gradient Technique D3895, Standard Test Method for Oxidative-Induction Time of Polyolefins by Differential Scanning Calorimetry D4218, Test Method for Determination of Carbon Black Content in Polyethylene Compounds By the Muffle-Furnace Technique D4703, Practice for Compression Molding Thermoplastic Materials into Test Specimens, Plaques, or Sheets D5630, Test Method for Ash Content in Plastics

G-3 F2136, Standard Test Method for Notched, Constant Ligament-Stress (NCLS) Test to Determine Slow-Crack-Growth Resistance of HDPE Resins or HDPE Corrugated Pipe ______________________________________________________________________ 3. TERMINOLOGY 3.1 Mixed-Color PCR-HDPE – Post-Consumer Recycled HDPE that is composed of mostly colored detergent bottles. 3.2 Natural PCR-HDPE – Post-Consumer Recycled HDPE that is composed of milk bottles. 3.3 Post-Consumer Recycled HDPE (PCR-HDPE) – Polyethylene that has been discarded by consumers after use, then collected, cleaned and washed. The density is greater than 0.940 g/cm3 and typical sources include primarily bottles and some bags. 3.4 PCR-HDPE Regrind – Post-Consumer Recycled HDPE that has been cleaned, washed, and ground into plastic chips. 3.5 Post-Industrial Recycled HDPE (PIR-HDPE) – Polyethylene that has been obtained for recycling from industrial sources. This may include industrial scrap, rejected parts, or surplus goods. 3.6 Reprocessed PCR-HDPE – Post-Consumer Recycled HDPE that has been cleaned, washed, melt-filtered, and pelletized. Commonly known as “Repro.” ______________________________________________________________________ 4. REQUIRED PROPERTIES 4.1 The required properties for corrugated pipe resins containing recycled HDPE are given in Table 1. Specific details of the tests are found in Section 7. 4.2 In addition to the properties in Table 1, the percentage recycled shall be disclosed by the resin supplier and included on the resin certification.

G-4 Table 1. Required properties for corrugated pipe resins containing recycled HDPE. Property Test Method Sample Specified Value Frequency Density ASTM D1505 ASTM D792 Pellets/Plaque >0.947- 0.955 a g/cm 1 per shif t Melt Index ASTM D1238 190°C/2.16 Kg Pellets/Plaque <0.4 g/10 min 1 per shift % Volatiles 175°C/1 Hour Pellet s b <0.2 % Certif y c % Carbon Black ASTM D4218 Pellets/Plaque 2-4 % 1 per shift % Ash ASTM D5603 Pellets/Plaque <0.5 % 1 per shift % PP DSC Section 7.6 Plaque <5.0 % 1 per lot d Flexural Modulus ASTM D790 Plaque >130,000 psi 1 per lot Yield Stress ASTM D63 8 e Plaque >3500 psi 1 per lot Break Strain ASTM D63 8 f Plaque >200 % 1 per lot NCLS Stress- Crack Test ASTM F2136 Plaque 36 hrs 1 per lot OIT ASTM D3895 Pellets/Plaque 50 min g 1 per lot BFF Stress- Crack Test Section 7.9 80°C/650 psi Plaque 200 hrs 1 per lot a Correct for carbon black by D cor = D – 0.0044C, where C is % carbon black. b Tested on pellet samples before melt blending. c Manufacturer will provide a certificate stating their material will lose less than 0.2% of its weight when a 2.000- ± 0.100-g sample is heated at 350°F for 1 h. d A production lot is defined as either a truckload, or one compartment of a railcar. Its weight is generally between 40,000 and 50,000 lbs. e Strain rate shall be 2.0 in. per minute. f Assume 2.0–in. gage length. g A common additive package that meets this requirement is 1,000 ppm Irganox 1010 plus 1,000 ppm Irgaphos 168, or equivalent. ______________________________________________________________________ 5. SAMPLING 5.1 A production lot shall be considered as a truckload or shipping container full of 1,500 lb boxes of resin, or one compartment of a railcar. T he weight is normally between 40,000 and 50,000 lb.

G-5 5.2 A truckload shall be sampled by obtaining 0.5 lb of material from each of eight boxes, for a total of 4 lb of resin. This is about every fourth box. Combine the eight samples to form a lot sample. 5.3 A compartment of a railcar shall be sampled by obtaining 2 lb from the top and 2 lb from the bottom of the compartment. Combine the two samples to form a lot sample. Therefore, each railcar will have four lot samples for evaluation. 5.4 The entire lot sample shall be dry blended before sample preparation. A convenient way to do this is by hand in a 5-gallon plastic pail. 5.5 Divide the lot sample into two; one for immediate testing and the other for validation testing, should the need arise. The back-up sample will be kept for 90 days after the resin is sold. 5.6 Clearly label the sample and include a traceable production number and a date. ______________________________________________________________________ 6. SAMPLE PREPARATION 6.1 Homogenize about 2 lb (900 g) of material by melt blending, preferably with a twin screw laboratory extruder. A two roll mill is also acceptable. 6.2 The blended material shall be compression molded into plaques according to ASTM D4703, with the use of a 15°C/min. cooling rate. 6.3 The plaques shall be 1.9- 0.08-mm (0.075- 0.003-in.) thick for tensile and NCLS testing, 3.2-mm (0.125-in.) thick for flexural modulus, and 1.1-mm (0.043-in.) thick for the BFF test. 6.4 The plaques shall be allowed to equilibrate at standard laboratory conditions (72°F, 50% RH) for at least 12 hours. ______________________________________________________________________ 7. TEST METHODS 7.1 Test Conditions – Unless otherwise specified in the test methods or in this specification, conduct tests at the standard laboratory temperature of 23 2°C (73.4 3.6 °F). 7.2 Density – Test methods ASTM D1505 or D792 are acceptable. Make three separate determinations using separate pellets or separate portions of a plaque. The plaque thickness shall be 1.9 0.08 mm (0.075 .003 in.). Calculate and report the average and standard deviation from the mean. Correct the density value for % carbon black by subtracting 0.0044 g/cm3 for each percent of carbon black.

G-6 7.3 Melt Index – Test method ASTM D1238, using Condition 190/2.16. Make duplicate determinations on either pellets or a plaque and calculate the average. 7.4 % Volatiles – This test shall be performed in aluminum pans that have been heated at 350°F (177°C) until they obtain a constant weight. 7.4.1 Test duplicate samples. 7.4.2 Weigh 2.000 ± 0.100 grams of pellets or a plaque to an accuracy of three places past the decimal point into an aluminum pan. 7.4.3 Place the pan in a forced-air recirculating oven preheated and stabilized to 350 ± 5°F (177 2°C) for a period of 1 h. 7.4.4 Remove the pan and let it completely cool to room temperature in a desiccator. 7.4.5 Reweigh the pan and calculate the percentage weight loss of the sample. Report the average to the nearest 0.01%. 7.5 % Ash - Test method ASTM D5630, Procedure B. 7.5.1 Sample size shall be 1 g. 7.5.2 Heat at least 10 minutes at 800°C. 7.5.3 Test triplicate samples. 7.6 % Polypropylene 7.6.1 Generate a melting curve by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) at a heating rate of 10°C/min from room temperature to 200°C. See Figure 1. -4 -3 -2 -1 0 H ea t F lo w (W /g) 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 Temperature (°C)Exo Up Universal V4.5A TA Instruments Figure 1. DSC curve of HDPE containing PP generated.

G-7 7.6.2 The curve shall be expanded to a range that includes the end of the HDPE peak and the complete PP peak. See Figure 2. Figure 2. DSC curve of HDPE containing PP expanded. 7.6.3 Integrate the curve from a flat point before the PP melting to a point where the PP curve returns to baseline. 7.6.4 Mark the point where the HDPE melt returns to baseline. The end of the HDPE melt and the beginning of the PP melt will not necessarily be the same point. 7.6.5 Record the HDPE end-of-melt temperature and the PP heat of fusion in J/g. 7.6.6 Calculate the theoretical heat of fusion for 100% polypropylene for the portion of the PP melting curve that does not overlap with HDPE by: Y = -0.035X2 + 8.851X – 475.6 (1) Where: X = HDPE end-of-melt temperature (°C) And Y = Hf of 100% PP not overlapped with HDPE. For X = 142.7, Y = 74.7 J/g. 7.6.7 Calculate the percentage PP by: %PP = Hf sample/ Hf 100% PP x 100 (2) For Hf sample = 2.57 J/g, %PP = 3.4 % 7.6.8 Test two specimens from different parts of the molded plaque and report the average. 162.84°C 150.59°C 2.568J/g 142.71°C -0.66 -0.64 -0.62 -0.60 -0.58 -0.56 H ea t F lo w (W /g) 130 140 150 160 170 180 Temperature (°C)Exo Up Universal V4.5A TA Instruments

G-8 7.7 Flexural Modulus – Test by ASTM Method D790. The test specimens shall be 2.5 in. x 0.5 in. (w) x 0.125 in. (t). A span of 2.0 in. will be used at a crosshead rate of 0.5 in. per minute. Report the 2% secant modulus. Test five replicates and report each result, along with the average and standard deviation. 7.8 Yield Stress/Break Strain – Test by ASTM Method D638, with a Type IV dumbbell at 2-in./min crosshead speed. 7.8.1 Test five specimens, individually measured for thickness. 7.8.2 2.0-in. gage length, use crosshead to follow displacement. 7.8.3 Report five results, average, and standard deviation. 7.9 NCLS Stress Crack Test – Test 1.9-mm plaque for slow-crack growth with ASTM F2136 with a notch depth of 20% of the test specimen thickness and under an applied load of 4,100 kPa (600 psi). 7.9.1 Test five replicates and report the average and standard deviation. 7.10 Oxidative Induction Time (OIT) – Test by ASTM D3895 at 200°C in oxygen in duplicate and report the average time. 7.11 BFF Stress Crack Test – This test is performed with the use of common stress crack frames in deionized water at 80°C (176°F), under an applied stress of 650 psi. 7.11.1 A bath that has never contained Igepal or other surfactants is preferred. Residual surfactant can dramatically accelerate the test. 7.11.2 The test specimen is basically an ASTM D638 Type I Dumbbell with a couple of modifications. First, a 7/32–in. hole is drilled into each head portion so that the specimens can be mounted with a screw in a conventional stress crack testing device. However, because of the holes, the tabs on each side of the hole are narrower than the reduced section of the dumbbell. Therefore, the highest stressed areas are the tabs, so all the specimens would naturally fail at the tabs. To get around this, a 6–in. square open faced mold was modified to produce plaques that were about 45 mil in the center and over 90 mil on the edges. This way, the tabs are under less stress than the reduced section so nearly all of the failures occur in the reduced section. A drawing of the fathead test specimen is shown in Figure 3.

G-9 Figure 3. Fathead specimen used in the BFF test. 7.9.2 The test device is manufactured by BT Technology and is shown in Figure 4. The weight tubes were modified to allow for the higher loads used in this test. Figure 4. Load frame for the BFF test. 7.9.2 Five replicates are tested and the average and standard deviation reported. ___________________________________________________________________ 8. RETEST AND REJECTION 8.1 If any failure occurs, the material shall be retested to establish conformity in accordance to the specified property. A second failed result will result in rejection of the lot for the purposes of this specification. ______________________________________________________________________ 9. CERTIFICATION 9.1 Upon request of the purchaser in the contract or order, a manufacturer’s certification that the material was manufactured and tested in accordance with this specification, together with a report of the test results, and the percentage recycled shall be furnished at the time of shipment.

Next: Appendix H - Proposed Draft Standard Specification for Corrugated Polyethylene Drainage Pipe Containing Recycled Polyethylene, 75- to 250-mm Diameter »
Performance of Corrugated Pipe Manufactured with Recycled Polyethylene Content Get This Book
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TRB’s National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 696: Performance of Corrugated Pipe Manufactured with Recycled Polyethylene Content provides potential specifications for corrugated drainage pipe manufactured with recycled high-density polyethylene (HDPE). The report includes proposed draft specifications for recycled HDPE, formulations of virgin and recycled HDPE, and drainage pipe containing recycled HDPE.

The following three appendixes of NCHRP 696 are available in electronic format only.

Appendix B: Recycled Polyethylene Resins

Appendix C: Recycled-Resin Blends

Appendix D: Pipe Containing Recycled HDPE

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