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NATIONAL
NCHRP REPORT 698
COOPERATIVE
HIGHWAY
RESEARCH
PROGRAM
Application of Accelerated Bridge
Construction Connections
in Moderate-to-High
Seismic Regions
OCR for page R2
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD 2011 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE*
OFFICERS
CHAIR: Neil J. Pedersen, Administrator, Maryland State Highway Administration, Baltimore
VICE CHAIR: Sandra Rosenbloom, Professor of Planning, University of Arizona, Tucson
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: Robert E. Skinner, Jr., Transportation Research Board
MEMBERS
J. Barry Barker, Executive Director, Transit Authority of River City, Louisville, KY
Deborah H. Butler, Executive Vice President, Planning, and CIO, Norfolk Southern Corporation, Norfolk, VA
William A.V. Clark, Professor, Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles
Eugene A. Conti, Jr., Secretary of Transportation, North Carolina DOT, Raleigh
James M. Crites, Executive Vice President of Operations, Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport, TX
Paula J. Hammond, Secretary, Washington State DOT, Olympia
Michael W. Hancock, Secretary, Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, Frankfort
Adib K. Kanafani, Cahill Professor of Civil Engineering, University of California, Berkeley
Michael P. Lewis, Director, Rhode Island DOT, Providence
Susan Martinovich, Director, Nevada DOT, Carson City
Michael R. Morris, Director of Transportation, North Central Texas Council of Governments, Arlington
Tracy L. Rosser, Vice President, Regional General Manager, Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., Mandeville, LA
Steven T. Scalzo, Chief Operating Officer, Marine Resources Group, Seattle, WA
Henry G. (Gerry) Schwartz, Jr., Chairman (retired), Jacobs/Sverdrup Civil, Inc., St. Louis, MO
Beverly A. Scott, General Manager and CEO, Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority, Atlanta, GA
David Seltzer, Principal, Mercator Advisors LLC, Philadelphia, PA
Lawrence A. Selzer, President and CEO, The Conservation Fund, Arlington, VA
Kumares C. Sinha, Olson Distinguished Professor of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
Thomas K. Sorel, Commissioner, Minnesota DOT, St. Paul
Daniel Sperling, Professor of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science and Policy; Director, Institute of Transportation Studies; and Interim
Director, Energy Efficiency Center, University of California, Davis
Kirk T. Steudle, Director, Michigan DOT, Lansing
Douglas W. Stotlar, President and CEO, Con-Way, Inc., Ann Arbor, MI
C. Michael Walton, Ernest H. Cockrell Centennial Chair in Engineering, University of Texas, Austin
EX OFFICIO MEMBERS
Peter H. Appel, Administrator, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, U.S.DOT
J. Randolph Babbitt, Administrator, Federal Aviation Administration, U.S.DOT
Rebecca M. Brewster, President and COO, American Transportation Research Institute, Smyrna, GA
Anne S. Ferro, Administrator, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, U.S.DOT
LeRoy Gishi, Chief, Division of Transportation, Bureau of Indian Affairs, U.S.DOT
John T. Gray, Senior Vice President, Policy and Economics, Association of American Railroads, Washington, DC
John C. Horsley, Executive Director, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC
David T. Matsuda, Deputy Administrator, Maritime Administration, U.S.DOT
Victor M. Mendez, Administrator, Federal Highway Administration, U.S.DOT
William W. Millar, President, American Public Transportation Association, Washington, DC
Tara O'Toole, Under Secretary for Science and Technology, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC
Robert J. Papp (Adm., U.S. Coast Guard), Commandant, U.S. Coast Guard, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC
Cynthia L. Quarterman, Administrator, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, U.S.DOT
Peter M. Rogoff, Administrator, Federal Transit Administration, U.S.DOT
David L. Strickland, Administrator, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S.DOT
Joseph C. Szabo, Administrator, Federal Railroad Administration, U.S.DOT
Polly Trottenberg, Assistant Secretary for Transportation Policy, U.S.DOT
Robert L. Van Antwerp (Lt. Gen., U.S. Army), Chief of Engineers and Commanding General, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC
Barry R. Wallerstein, Executive Officer, South Coast Air Quality Management District, Diamond Bar, CA
*Membership as of June 2011.
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NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM
NCHRP REPORT 698
Application of Accelerated Bridge
Construction Connections
in Moderate-to-High
Seismic Regions
M. Lee Marsh
Markus Wernli
Brian E. Garrett
BERGERABAM
Seattle, WA
John F. Stanton
Marc O. Eberhard
Michael D. Weinert
UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON
Seattle, WA
Subscriber Categories
Highways · Bridges and Other Structures
Research sponsored by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD
WASHINGTON, D.C.
2011
www.TRB.org
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NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY NCHRP REPORT 698
RESEARCH PROGRAM
Systematic, well-designed research provides the most effective Project 12-88
approach to the solution of many problems facing highway ISSN 0077-5614
administrators and engineers. Often, highway problems are of local ISBN 978-0-309-21343-1
interest and can best be studied by highway departments individually Library of Congress Control Number 2011935076
or in cooperation with their state universities and others. However, the © 2011 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
accelerating growth of highway transportation develops increasingly
complex problems of wide interest to highway authorities. These
problems are best studied through a coordinated program of COPYRIGHT INFORMATION
cooperative research.
Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining
In recognition of these needs, the highway administrators of the written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials published or copyrighted material used herein.
initiated in 1962 an objective national highway research program Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this
employing modern scientific techniques. This program is supported on publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the
understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA,
a continuing basis by funds from participating member states of the
FMCSA, FTA, or Transit Development Corporation endorsement of a particular product,
Association and it receives the full cooperation and support of the method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for
Federal Highway Administration, United States Department of educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of
any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission
Transportation.
from CRP.
The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies was
requested by the Association to administer the research program
because of the Board's recognized objectivity and understanding of
NOTICE
modern research practices. The Board is uniquely suited for this
purpose as it maintains an extensive committee structure from which The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the National Cooperative Highway
Research Program, conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the approval of
authorities on any highway transportation subject may be drawn; it the Governing Board of the National Research Council.
possesses avenues of communications and cooperation with federal,
The members of the technical panel selected to monitor this project and to review this
state and local governmental agencies, universities, and industry; its report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance.
relationship to the National Research Council is an insurance of The report was reviewed by the technical panel and accepted for publication according to
procedures established and overseen by the Transportation Research Board and approved
objectivity; it maintains a full-time research correlation staff of
by the Governing Board of the National Research Council.
specialists in highway transportation matters to bring the findings of
The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the
research directly to those who are in a position to use them. researchers who performed the research and are not necessarily those of the Transportation
The program is developed on the basis of research needs identified Research Board, the National Research Council, or the program sponsors.
by chief administrators of the highway and transportation departments The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, the National Research
and by committees of AASHTO. Each year, specific areas of research Council, and the sponsors of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program do not
needs to be included in the program are proposed to the National endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers' names appear herein solely
because they are considered essential to the object of the report.
Research Council and the Board by the American Association of State
Highway and Transportation Officials. Research projects to fulfill these
needs are defined by the Board, and qualified research agencies are
selected from those that have submitted proposals. Administration and
surveillance of research contracts are the responsibilities of the National
Research Council and the Transportation Research Board.
The needs for highway research are many, and the National
Cooperative Highway Research Program can make significant
contributions to the solution of highway transportation problems of
mutual concern to many responsible groups. The program, however, is
intended to complement rather than to substitute for or duplicate other
highway research programs.
Published reports of the
NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM
are available from:
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Business Office
500 Fifth Street, NW
Washington, DC 20001
and can be ordered through the Internet at:
http://www.national-academies.org/trb/bookstore
Printed in the United States of America
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The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific
and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. On the
authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal
government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel
organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the
National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also
sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior
achievements of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members
of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the
responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government
and, on its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the
Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of
science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in
accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the
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the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine.
Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.
The Transportation Research Board is one of six major divisions of the National Research Council. The mission of the Transporta-
tion Research Board is to provide leadership in transportation innovation and progress through research and information exchange,
conducted within a setting that is objective, interdisciplinary, and multimodal. The Board's varied activities annually engage about
7,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia,
all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is supported by state transportation departments, federal
agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individu-
als interested in the development of transportation. www.TRB.org
www.national-academies.org
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COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAMS
CRP STAFF FOR NCHRP REPORT 698
Christopher W. Jenks, Director, Cooperative Research Programs
Crawford F. Jencks, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs
Waseem Dekelbab, Senior Program Officer
Danna Powell, Senior Program Assistant
Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications
Kami Cabral, Editor
NCHRP PROJECT 12-88 PANEL
Field of Design--Area of Bridges
Michael D. Keever, California DOT, Sacramento, CA (Chair)
Richard A. Pratt, Alaska DOT and Public Facilities, Juneau, AK
Ian Buckle, University of Nevada - Reno, Reno, NV
Bijan Khaleghi, Washington State DOT, Tumwater, WA
Anne M. Rearick, Indiana DOT, Indianapolis, IN
Edward P. Wasserman, Tennessee DOT, Nashville, TN
Derrell A. Manceaux, FHWA Liaison
Phil Yen, FHWA Liaison
Stephen F. Maher, TRB Liaison
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FOREWORD
By Waseem Dekelbab
Staff Officer
Transportation Research Board
This report identifies promising details to be used for connections of bridge members in
accelerated bridge construction in medium to high seismic regions and gives recommenda-
tions for further research. Existing connection details were gathered from state departments
of transportation (DOTs), industry, and academia and were evaluated for their perfor-
mance in terms of readiness for use, construction risk, durability, and seismic performance.
The material in this report will be of immediate interest to bridge engineers.
The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and many state departments of trans-
portation (DOTs) are actively promoting accelerated bridge construction (ABC) to mini-
mize construction-related impacts to the traveling public and to enhance work-zone safety.
Many successful applications of ABC techniques have been recently realized, largely in
regions of low seismic activity. A number of these ABC applications are documented in
FHWA Connection Details for Prefabricated Elements and Systems published in 2009.
However, use of ABC techniques has been more limited in seismic regions of the coun-
try. A key factor in successful implementation of this initiative lies in the connections
between prefabricated elements. Providing reliable connections to ensure ductile perfor-
mance is essential to developing designs capable of performing to the specifications
required in seismic-prone areas. Several prefabricated connection details used for recent
ABC projects in seismic regions hold significant promise for more widespread applica-
tion, but they have not been fully tested for seismic loading. To develop an improved
understanding of their ultimate performance, recommendations for further testing were
needed
Research was performed under NCHRP Project 12-88 by BergerABAM and the Depart-
ment of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Washington. The
research presented herein synthesizes the available information related to connection details
recently used or under development for potential use on ABC bridges and gives suggestions
for future research.
A number of deliverables are provided as appendices. These are not published herein but
are available on the TRB website. These appendices are titled as follows:
· Appendix A--Summary Sheets of Bar Coupler Connections
· Appendix B--Summary Sheets of Grouted Duct Connections
· Appendix C--Summary Sheets of Pocket Connections
· Appendix D--Summary Sheets of Member Socket Connections
· Appendix E--Summary Sheets of Hybrid Connections
· Appendix F--Summary Sheets of Integral Connections
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· Appendix G--Summary Sheets of Emerging Technology and Deformable Element
Connections
· Appendix H--Detailed Evaluation of Connection Types
· Appendix I--Questionnaires
· Appendix J--2012 Research Problem Statement
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CONTENTS
1 Summary
2 Chapter 1 Background
2 Statement of the Problem
2 Objectives of the Study
3 Organization of the Research Report
4 Chapter 2 Research Approach
4 Literature and Practice Review
4 Definition of Seismic Connections and Performance Strategies
7 Classification of Connection Types
9 Evaluation Methodology
14 Bridge Systems
15 Chapter 3 Findings and Applications
15 Evaluation of Connection Types
30 Self-Propelled Modular Transporters
31 Time Savings
32 Evaluation of ABC Bent and Bridge Systems
35 Identification of Knowledge Gaps and Research Priorities for Connections
for Seismic Performance
43 Chapter 4 Conclusions and Suggested Research
43 Conclusions
46 Suggested Research
48 Acronyms
50 Bibliography
54 Appendices A through J
Note: Many of the photographs, figures, and tables in this report have been converted from color to grayscale
for printing. The electronic version of the report (posted on the Web at www.trb.org) retains the color versions.
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AUTHOR ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The research reported herein was performed under NCHRP Project 12-88 by BergerABAM and the
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Washington. BergerABAM was
the contractor for this study with the University of Washington as subcontractor.
Dr. M. Lee Marsh of BergerABAM was the principal investigator. Jim Guarre of BergerABAM was con-
sulting as senior bridge engineer, and Dr. John F. Stanton and Dr. Marc O. Eberhard, both professors at
the University of Washington, were consulting researchers and authors to the project. The other authors
of this report were Dr. Markus Wernli and Brian E. Garrett from BergerABAM, and Michael D. Weinert,
research assistant at the University of Washington. The work was done under the general supervision of
Dr. M. Lee Marsh at BergerABAM and Dr. John F. Stanton at the University of Washington.
The project would not have been possible without the support of the FHWA and the departments of
transportation (DOTs) of Alaska, Arkansas, California, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana,
Louisiana, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, New York, North Carolina, Oregon,
Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, and Washington, and researchers from University
of California, San Diego; California State University, Sacramento; Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake
Engineering Research; University of California, Berkeley; Iowa State University; University of Texas,
Austin; University of Nevada, Reno; Utah State University; University of Minnesota; University of
Tennessee at Knoxville; Stanford University; and University of Washington--all of whom filled out a
questionnaire or e-mailed responses and shared their ongoing research and design guidelines that were
relevant to this project.
Thirteen international contacts included researchers from the University of Nottingham, University of
Rome, University of Kyoto, Tokyo Tech, University of Canterbury, National Autonomous University
of Mexico (UNAM), Technical University Frederico Santa Maria, University of Patras, and University of
Pavia.
Contractors and precast producers who responded to the questionnaire or provided information by
telephone included Concrete Technology, Inc., C.C. Myers, Inc., Encon United Companies, Flatiron
Construction Corp., Mammoet USA South, Inc., Mowat Construction, Kiewit Construction, and PCL
Construction. The Washington State DOT and Graham Construction provided valuable information at
the Time Savings workshop.
