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GLOSSARY OF TERMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND ACRONYMS
Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM)--A primary FAA heat to boil water and drive a traditional steam turbine for
publication whose purpose is to instruct airmen about oper- the production of electricity.
ating in the National Airspace System of the United States. Cooling tower--see air-cooled condenser.
It provides basic flight information, air traffic control pro- Cooperative Research and Development Agreement
cedures, and general instructional information concerning (CRADA)--A written agreement between a private com-
health, medical facts, factors affecting flight safety, acci- pany and a government agency to work together on a project.
dent and hazard reporting, and types of aeronautical charts Created as a result of the StevensonWydler Technology
and their use. Innovation Act of 1980, as amended by the Federal Tech-
Air-cooled condenser--also referred to generically as dry nology Transfer Act of 1986, a CRADA allows the federal
cooling, an air-cooled condenser condenses exhaust steam government and non-federal partners to optimize their
from the steam turbine and returns condensate to the boiler resources, share technical expertise in a protected environ-
without using cooling water. Two typical designs are ment, share intellectual property emerging from the effort,
mechanical draft and natural draft. In either case, air cools and speed the commercialization of federally developed
the exhaust steam causing hot air and condensate (which is technology.
reused in the plant). Digital Airport Surveillance Radar (DASR)--a new terminal
Air route surveillance radar (ARSR)--radar used primarily air traffic control radar system that replaces current analog
to detect and display an aircraft's position while en route systems with new digital technology. The U.S. Air Force
between terminal areas. The ARSR enables controllers Electronics Systems Center, the FAA, and the U.S. Navy are
to provide radar air traffic control service when aircraft in the process of procuring DASR systems to upgrade exist-
are within the ARSR coverage. In some instances, ARSR ing radar facilities for the DoD and civilian airfields. The
may enable an air traffic control center to provide termi- DASR system detects aircraft position and weather condi-
tions in the vicinity of civilian and military airfields. The
nal radar services similar to but usually more limited than
civilian nomenclature for this radar is the ASR-11. ASR-11
those provided by a radar approach control.
will replace existing ASR-7, ASR-8, and ASR-9 models.
Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP)--An
The military nomenclature for the radar is AN/GPN-30. The
industry-driven, applied research program that develops
older radars, some up to 20 years old, are being replaced to
near-term, practical solutions to problems faced by air-
improve reliability, provide additional weather data, reduce
port operators. ACRP is managed by TRB for the FAA.
maintenance cost, improve performance, and provide digi-
The research is conducted by contractors who are selected
tal data to new digital automation systems for presentation
on the basis of competitive proposals. on air traffic controller displays.
Airport surveillance radar (ASR)--approach control radar Dish engine--also referred to as a dish stirling, this is a type
used to detect and display an aircraft's position in the of concentrating solar power system that is a stand-alone
terminal area. ASR provides range and azimuth infor- parabolic reflector that concentrates light onto a receiver
mation but does not provide elevation data. Coverage of positioned at the reflector's focal point.
the ASR can extend up to 60 miles. Distributed energy--Distributed energy refers to a variety
Bureau of Land Management (BLM)--Division of the of small, modular power-generating technologies that can
U.S. Department of the Interior whose mission is to sus- be combined with load management and energy storage
tain the health, diversity, and productivity of the public systems to improve the quality and/or reliability of the elec-
lands for the use and enjoyment of present and future tricity supply.
generations. Department of Defense (DoD)--cabinet department of the U.S.
Civilian Aviation Authority (CAA) of the United Kingdom-- federal government responsible for the country's defense
agency responsible for safety regulation of civil aviation in policy with authority over the military and civilian forces.
the United Kingdom under the Civil Aviation Act 1982. Department of Energy (DOE)--cabinet department of the
California Energy Commission (CEC)--state's primary U.S. federal government responsible for the country's
energy policy and planning agency established in 1974. energy policy.
Clutter--unwanted (false) returns picked up by the radar. Department of Transportation (DOT)--cabinet department of
Concentrating solar power plants--solar generation tech- the U.S. federal government responsible for the country's
nology that utilizes mirrors to focus and intensify the sun's transportation policy and infrastructure.
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Diffuse reflection--produces a less concentrated light and Peaker power plants--typically traditional fossil fuel-fired
occurs from rough surfaces such as pavement, vegetation, stations modified to start up and shut down quickly to
and choppy water. respond to seasonal fluctuations in energy demand.
Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)--a document pre- Power tower--facility is comprised of individual heliostats
pared by a federal agency to demonstrate that its actions are (mirrors) arranged in a circular array that track with the sun.
in compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act. Each heliostat reflects sunlight onto the central receiver at
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)--the federal agency the top of a tower.
whose mission is to protect human health and the environ- Primary surveillance radar (PSR)--uses a continually rotat-
ment through the enforcement of laws enacted by the fed- ing antenna mounted on a tower to transmit electromag-
eral government. netic waves that reflect, or backscatter, from the surface of
Farm (as in wind farm or solar farm)--a group of generator aircraft up to 60 miles from the radar. The radar system
units that together produce significantly more electricity measures the time required for a radar echo to return and
than any one unit alone. the direction of the signal. From this, the system can then
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)--the federal agency measure the distance of the aircraft from the radar antenna
whose mission is to provide the safest and most efficient and the azimuth, or direction, of the aircraft in relation to
aerospace system in the world. the antenna. The primary radar also provides data on six
Form 7460--Notice submitted to the FAA for structures that levels of rainfall intensity. The primary radar operates in
impinge on airspace as defined by 14 CFR Part 77. the range of 2700 to 2900 MHz. The transmitter generates
Glare--a continuous source of bright light. a peak effective power of 25 kW and an average power of
Glint--a momentary flash of bright light. 2.1 kW. The average power density of the ASR-11 signal
Heat recovery system generator (HRSG)--extracts heat in the decreases with distance from the antenna. At distances
flue gas producing cooler exhaust temperatures and lower of more than 43 ft from the antenna, the power density of
exit velocities the ASR-11 signal falls below the maximum permissible
Instrument flight rules (IFR)--A set of rules governing the con- exposure levels established by the Federal Communications
duct of flight under instrument meteorological conditions. Commission.
Instrument landing system (ILS)--A precision instrument Probability of detection (Pd)--measures the likelihood of
approach system that normally consists of the following detecting an event or object when the event does occur.
electronic components and visual aids: localizer, glideslope, Secondary surveillance radar (SSR)--uses a second radar
outer marker, middle marker, and approach lights. antenna attached to the top of the primary radar antenna
Nacelle--A box that sits on top of the wind tower and encloses to transmit and receive area aircraft data for barometric
the turbine generator and other equipment necessary for gen- altitude, identification code, and emergency conditions.
erating electricity. Military, commercial, and some general aviation aircraft
National Airspace System--The common network of U.S. have transponders that automatically respond to a signal
airspace; air navigation facilities, equipment and services, from the secondary radar by reporting an identification
airports or landing areas, aeronautical charts, information code and altitude. The air traffic control uses this system
and services, rules, regulations and procedures, technical to verify the location of aircraft within a 60-mile radius
information, and manpower and material. Included are of the radar site. The beacon radar also provides rapid
system components shared jointly with the military. identification of aircraft in distress. The secondary radar
Navigable airspace--Airspace at and above the minimum operates in the range of 1030 to 1090 MHz. Transmitting
flight altitudes prescribed in the CFRs including airspace power ranges from 160 to 1,500 watts.
needed for safe takeoff and landing. Solar photovoltaic panels and farms--Solar photovoltaic
Navigational Aids (NAVAIDS)--Any visual or electronic (PV) generates electricity from sunlight on light-absorbing
device airborne or on the surface that provides point- panels with many panels together representing a solar farm.
to-point guidance information or position data to aircraft Specular reflection--reflects a more concentrated type of
in flight. light and occurs when the surface in question is smooth and
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)--A U.S. envi- polished
ronmental law that established a U.S. national policy pro- Standard Terminal Automation Replacement System
moting the enhancement of the environment and also (STARS)--a system jointly procured by the FAA and
established the President's Council on Environmental DoD to replace capacity-constrained, older technology
Quality. systems at FAA and DOD terminal radar approach con-
Office of Obstruction Evaluation/Airport Airspace Analysis trol facilities and associated towers.
(OE/AAA)--A particular office under FAA's Air Traffic Terminal Instrument Procedures (TERPS)--procedures for
Organization whose responsibility is to coordinate FAA's instrument approach and departure of aircraft to and from
review of potential hazards to air navigation. civil and military airports.
Parabolic trough--continually track the sun and concen- Thermal plume--vapor clouds produced by large-scale emis-
trate the sun's heat onto receiver tubes filled with a heat sions of heated water vapor either through a direct emission
transfer fluid. or from an air-cooling structure.
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Transmission infrastructure--Transmission infrastructure cies in this band are used for purposes not related to air
including towers and electrical lines are a fundamental traffic control.
component of any energy project that generates electricity Visual flight rules (VFR)--Rules that govern the procedures
and delivers it to the electrical grid. for conducting flight under visual conditions. The term
Ultra-high frequency (UHF)--The frequency band between "VFR" is also used in the United States to indicate weather
300 and 3,000 MHz. The bank of radio frequencies used conditions that are equal to or greater than minimum VFR
for military air/ground voice communications. In some requirements. In addition, it is used by pilots and con-
instances this may go as low as 225 MHz and still be referred trollers to indicate type of flight plan.
to as UHF. Wind turbine generator (WTG)--A machine that converts
Very high frequency (VHF)--The frequency band between wind energy into electricity.
30 and 300 MHz. Portions of this band, 108 to 118 MHz, Utility-scale--refers to larger electricity generation units that
are used for certain NAVAIDs; 118 to 136 MHz are used typically transmit most if not all of the electricity gener-
for civil air/ground voice communications. Other frequen- ated to the electric grid.
