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is a direct impact. How that employee then spends this salary locally
on groceries and housing is a multiplied, indirect impact. The impact
of the facility thus expands into the community, state, and country.
Economic Development/Business Attraction
Freight facilities can be a catalyst for economic development through
attracting other suppliers or vendors to form an industry cluster of
activity. They may also spur new development or redevelopment of
existing properties. The size and timing of economic development/
business attraction effects can vary greatly by facility based on local
land use and zoning policies, economic development incentives and
marketing, transportation connectivity benefits, and so on. Effects
include:
· Redevelopment Economic and financial gains from redevelopment
of existing underutilized land, including additional job creation
and increases in property value.
· New Businesses The economic and financial gain of locating new
businesses on previously undeveloped land.
· Residential Properties Including the addition of new houses and
the impacts of increased population.
Transportation effects
Transportation impacts accrue from changes in the movement of
goods and can impact the community and region in a variety of
positive and negative ways. These include benefits from modal shifts
(and removal of trucks from the roadways), increases or decreases in
traffic, and pollution.
Mode Choice
Mode choice and traffic volume reflect changes in truck, rail, ship,
and air volumes due to the selection of transportation mode. The
primary impact tends to be to highways as most freight travels by
truck for at least a portion of its trip. A facility that allows for lower
cost or more efficient mode choice may either reduce truck traffic, or
focus truck traffic at the point where modes connect.
Traffic
The location of the facility will change traffic patterns in the immediate
surrounding area. This may result in increased truck traffic to/from
the facility depending on highway access, local traffic patterns, and
14 Freight Facility Location Selection: A Guide for Public Officials
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access. Facilities that promote the use of modes other than truck may
help keep longer distance trips on more efficient and cost-effective
modes, thus reducing overall truck VMT (vehicle miles traveled) on
local, regional, and national highways.
Congestion
Congestion on roads, rails, air and sea can cause community conflict
as well as delay in goods reaching their destinations. Congestion can
also have direct financial impacts as it increases shipping costs and
can lead to investment in infrastructure improvements to alleviate
delays. Congestion can also have air quality impacts based on idling.
Environment, Emissions, and Energy
The pollution and energy usage that accompany freight facilities Impacts
changes with the distance traveled and/or the modes used for Transportation
transport. Changes in fuel consumption, emissions levels, noise and · Traffic volumes by mode
· Direct travel costs
vibration are the most common environmental impacts. · Supply chain logistics
· Air Quality Fewer pollutants (NO2, CO, CO2, NOX, SO2, · Environment, emissions, and energy
particulate matter, volatile organic compounds) are released · Safety and security
into the atmosphere with fewer vehicle miles traveled, as Economic
emissions are a product primarily of mode and distance · Construction
· Direct economic activity at the
traveled. Shifts to a more efficient transportation mode (e.g.,
facility
truck to rail via an intermodal terminal, or an increase in the · Multiplier effects
distance on rail versus truck) also result in a change in emissions. · Economic development/business
attraction
In addition, newer intermodal facilities are often equipped
with technology improvements to reduce truck idling, leading Costs
to further emissions reductions. · Capital
· Fuel Consumption (Energy Intensity) While not a direct public · Infrastructure
· Operating and Maintenance
cost or benefit, shorter trips and less congestion typically result
in better fuel efficiency and lower levels of fuel consumption.
Energy consumption per ton-mile varies by mode, with air
having the highest consumption and maritime the lowest. Better
overall fuel efficiency in the network can impact a community's
energy profile and have broader, longer term societal benefits.
Safety and Security
The location and design of freight facilities can also have safety and
security effects on the community or region. These include the traffic
Freight Facility Location Selection: A Guide for Public Officials 15
