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for exposed animals, which is why this study Steel Pile Driving at the Mad River Bridges, U.S.
recommends an RWI of 2. Highway 101, July 2009. March. Prepared by G. D.
· Exploration of assays to detect the presence of Marty, DVM, Ph.D., Fish Pathology Services, Abbots-
specific proteins (biomarkers) in blood offer ford, British Columbia, Canada.
the potential for non-lethal assessment of Carlson, T. J., G. E. Johnson, C. M. Woodley, J. R.
Skalski, and A. G. Seaburg. 2011. Compliance
injury from exposure to impulsive sound and
Monitoring of Underwater Blasting for Rock
other exposures. Biomarkers used to detect Removal at Warrior Point, Columbia River Channel
traumatic brain injury (TBI) in humans have Improvement Project, 2009/2010. PNNL-20388,
been found to be a candidate biomarker to Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland,
detect sub-mortal injury in fish exposed to Washington.
decompression and impact. There is a growing Carlson, T. J., and M. A. Weiland. 2007. Dynamic Pile
literature that impulsive signals can cause TBI Driving and Pile Driving Underwater Impulsive
and that the effects do not show up for some Sound. PNWD-3808, Battelle--Pacific Northwest
time post exposure. Thus, biomarkers could be Division, Richland, Washington.
an important response assessment tool particu- Carlson, T. J., M. C. Hastings, and A. N. Popper. 2007.
larly for fish that are difficult to necropsy be- Update on recommendations for revised interim
cause of value (such as adult breeding females), sound exposure criteria for fish during pile driving
activities. Available at http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/
handling challenges, or size limitations (larval
env/bio/files/ct-arlington_memo_12-21-07.pdf
fish or full-grown adult). (February 2011).
· There have been suggestions that the cumula- Casper, B. M., and D. A. Mann. 2006. Evoked Potential
tive effects on fish from the natural pauses that Audiograms of the Nurse Shark (Ginglymostoma cir-
occur during pile driving activity result in a ratum) and the Yellow Stingray (Urobatis jamaicen-
resetting of the injury accumulations. For sis). Environ. Biol. Fish. 76(1):101110.
example, would the effect on fish be the same Chawda, M. N., F. Hildebrand, H. C. Pape, and P. V.
from a group of 960 continuous strikes com- Giannoudis. 2004. Predicting outcome after multiple
pared to a group of 96 strikes presented 10 trauma: which scoring system? Injury, Int. J. Care
times with a defined time separation? It Injured 35:347358.
would be useful for mitigation purposes to Dalecki, D., S. Z. Child, and C. H. Raeman. 2002. Lung
determine the injury response levels from damage from exposure to low frequency sound.
J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 111:2464.
these two paradigms and address whether or
Gaspin, J. B. 1975. Experimental investigation of the
not natural pauses lead to different injury effects of underwater explosions on swimbladder
response levels than continuous activity. fish, 1: 1973 Chesapeake Bay Tests. Naval Surface
· While it has been predicted that effects of pile Weapons Center Technical Report NSWC/WOL/
driving would decrease as fishes get larger TR 75-58. White Oak Laboratory, Silver Spring,
(e.g., Carlson et al., 2007), this could not be Maryland.
examined in the results reported here due to Hamernik, R. P., W. Qiu, and B. Davis. 2003. The effects
the size of the HICI-FT. Understanding such of the amplitude distribution of equal energy expo-
effects would have significant implications sures on noise-induced hearing loss: The kurtosis
for setting criteria for effects of sound on fish. metric. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 114:386395.
Hawkins, A. D., and D. N. MacLennan. 1976. An
acoustic tank for hearing studies on fish. In Sound
Reception in Fish, A. Schuijf and A. D. Hawkins
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