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Table 2.2. Interest/perspectives of stakeholder types.
Interest/Perspective
Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4
Stakeholder Type (Direct Financial) (Indirect Financial) (Major Nonfinancial) (Tangential)
Asset Provider
Service Provider
End User *
Other Impacted
Party
* End users that are shippers or consignees generally translate all impacts into revenue or cost (Category 2)
changes. However, infrastructure improvements also may affect passenger travel, in which case, there may be
personal time or convenience impacts that fall into Category 3.
Table 2.2 describes the interest/perspectives of different focuses on effective core functionality, rather than long lists
stakeholder types. of project types. Sample projects that may be included for dif-
ferent modes for each of these four project types are summa-
rized in Table 2.3.
2.2 Evaluating Different
Investment Types
2.3 Evaluating Projects
Previous research has focused on classifying freight proj-
of Differing Scales
ects into three types: infrastructure enhancements, capacity
upgrades, or operational improvements. However, this struc- The size, scope, and timeline of freight investment projects
ture does not fully account for the sophistication of freight can vary considerably. In the past, freight projects have been
decision-making processes, the relationships among different completed by stakeholders working independently and on an
project types, and the sheer number of stakeholder types that as-needed basis--for example, railroads have traditionally
they can include. prioritized investments and fully funded their most pressing
Despite the growing sophistication of freight investment capital projects and rolling stock purchases as their revenue
decisions and partnerships, the justification for any invest- streams allowed. However, the increased prevalence of new
ment is still fairly simple and usually can be explained in institutional arrangements and strategies, such as multistate
terms of enhanced capacity. In fact, although different types coalitions and public-private partnerships, has created new
of freight stakeholders may explain it using different terms opportunities to engage multiple stakeholders on projects of
(e.g., carriers may discuss improved reliability, while shippers varying scope, timeline, and cost. Projects such as the
may talk of a decreased need to hold inventory and a DOT Alameda Corridor, although a rail infrastructure project, are
may refer to system efficiency) these stakeholders are all, in able to bring other public and private partners into coordina-
essence, concerned with enhancing the capacity of the freight tion with the railroads to plan and finance a large infrastruc-
system within the following four typical project types: ture project with benefits to numerous stakeholders.
The project team has categorized freight investments
· Physical infrastructure projects that enhance the capac- according to three different scales, described as follows and in
ity, design speed, or volume of freight infrastructure; Table 2.4.
· Productivity projects that increase the size, weight, or vol-
ume of freight vehicles; · Site and local--Projects that involve a single site/facility or
· Reliability and density projects that affect the utilization infrastructure element, or otherwise benefit freight mobil-
or safety of freight vehicles; and ity on a local scale;
· Integration and consolidation projects that allow for · Statewide and regional--Projects that involve statewide
more efficient communication or transfer of materials or regional operations or infrastructure, or benefit freight
between freight vehicles, infrastructure, and facilities. mobility on a statewide or multicounty scale; and
· Multistate or national--Projects that involve infrastruc-
Dividing projects into these four types allows viewing the ture or operations that span several states or the nation, or
many types of freight investments in a simpler context that that benefit regional or national freight mobility.
