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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2012. Guidebook for Measuring Performance of Automated People Mover Systems at Airports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14606.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2012. Guidebook for Measuring Performance of Automated People Mover Systems at Airports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14606.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2012. Guidebook for Measuring Performance of Automated People Mover Systems at Airports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14606.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2012. Guidebook for Measuring Performance of Automated People Mover Systems at Airports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14606.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2012. Guidebook for Measuring Performance of Automated People Mover Systems at Airports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14606.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2012. Guidebook for Measuring Performance of Automated People Mover Systems at Airports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14606.
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TransporTaT ion research Board Washington, D.C. 2012 www.tRB.org A I R P O R T c O O P e R A T I v e R e s e A R c h P R O g R A m AcRP RepoRt 37A Research sponsored by the Federal Aviation Administration Subscriber Categories aviation Guidebook for Measuring performance of automated people Mover systems at airports Lea+eLLiott, inc. Dulles, VA w i th Watchung transportation, LLc Westfield, NJ

airporT cooperaTiVe research proGraM Airports are vital national resources. They serve a key role in trans­ portation of people and goods and in regional, national, and inter­ national commerce. They are where the nation’s aviation system connects with other modes of transportation and where federal respon­ sibility for managing and regulating air traffic operations intersects with the role of state and local governments that own and operate most airports. Research is necessary to solve common operating problems, to adapt appropriate new technologies from other industries, and to introduce innovations into the airport industry. The Airport Coopera­ tive Research Program (ACRP) serves as one of the principal means by which the airport industry can develop innovative near­term solutions to meet demands placed on it. The need for ACRP was identified in TRB Special Report 272: Airport Research Needs: Cooperative Solutions in 2003, based on a study spon­ sored by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). The ACRP carries out applied research on problems that are shared by airport operating agencies and are not being adequately addressed by existing federal research programs. It is modeled after the successful National Coopera­ tive Highway Research Program and Transit Cooperative Research Pro­ gram. The ACRP undertakes research and other technical activities in a variety of airport subject areas, including design, construction, main­ tenance, operations, safety, security, policy, planning, human resources, and administration. The ACRP provides a forum where airport operators can cooperatively address common operational problems. The ACRP was authorized in December 2003 as part of the Vision 100­Century of Aviation Reauthorization Act. The primary partici­ pants in the ACRP are (1) an independent governing board, the ACRP Oversight Committee (AOC), appointed by the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Transportation with representation from airport oper­ ating agencies, other stakeholders, and relevant industry organizations such as the Airports Council International­North America (ACI­NA), the American Association of Airport Executives (AAAE), the National Association of State Aviation Officials (NASAO), and the Air Trans­ port Association (ATA) as vital links to the airport community; (2) the TRB as program manager and secretariat for the governing board; and (3) the FAA as program sponsor. In October 2005, the FAA executed a contract with the National Academies formally initiating the program. The ACRP benefits from the cooperation and participation of airport professionals, air carriers, shippers, state and local government officials, equipment and service suppliers, other airport users, and research orga­ nizations. Each of these participants has different interests and respon­ sibilities, and each is an integral part of this cooperative research effort. Research problem statements for the ACRP are solicited periodically but may be submitted to the TRB by anyone at any time. It is the responsibility of the AOC to formulate the research program by iden­ tifying the highest priority projects and defining funding levels and expected products. Once selected, each ACRP project is assigned to an expert panel, appointed by the TRB. Panels include experienced practitioners and research specialists; heavy emphasis is placed on including airport pro­ fessionals, the intended users of the research products. The panels pre­ pare project statements (requests for proposals), select contractors, and provide technical guidance and counsel throughout the life of the project. The process for developing research problem statements and selecting research agencies has been used by TRB in managing cooper­ ative research programs since 1962. As in other TRB activities, ACRP project panels serve voluntarily without compensation. Primary emphasis is placed on disseminating ACRP results to the intended end­users of the research: airport operating agencies, service providers, and suppliers. The ACRP produces a series of research reports for use by airport operators, local agencies, the FAA, and other inter­ ested parties, and industry associations may arrange for workshops, training aids, field visits, and other activities to ensure that results are implemented by airport­industry practitioners. acrp reporT 37a Project 03­07 ISSN 1935­9802 ISBN 978­0­309­21389­9 Library of Congress Control Number 2012931873 © 2012 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. copYriGhT inforMaTion Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this publication for classroom and not­for­profit purposes. Permission is given with the un­ derstanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB or FAA endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for educational and not­for­profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from CRP. noTice The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the Airport Cooperative Research Program, conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the approval of the Governing Board of the National Research Council. The members of the technical panel selected to monitor this project and to review this report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance. The report was reviewed by the technical panel and accepted for publication according to procedures established and overseen by the Transportation Research Board and approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council. The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the researchers who performed the research and are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board, the National Research Council, or the program sponsors. The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, the National Research Council, and the sponsors of the Airport Cooperative Research Program do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the object of the report. Published reports of the airporT cooperaTiVe research proGraM are available from: Transportation Research Board Business Office 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 and can be ordered through the Internet at http://www.national­academies.org/trb/bookstore Printed in the United States of America

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. On the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, on its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council. The Transportation Research Board is one of six major divisions of the National Research Council. The mission of the Transporta- tion Research Board is to provide leadership in transportation innovation and progress through research and information exchange, conducted within a setting that is objective, interdisciplinary, and multimodal. The Board’s varied activities annually engage about 7,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is supported by state transportation departments, federal agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individu- als interested in the development of transportation. www.TRB.org www.national-academies.org

crp sTaff for acrp reporT 37a Christopher W. Jenks, Director, Cooperative Research Programs Crawford F. Jencks, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs Michael R. Salamone, ACRP Manager Lawrence D. Goldstein, Senior Program Officer Tiana Barnes, Senior Program Assistant Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications Doug English, Editor acrp proJecT 03-07 panel Field of policy and planning John Kapala, Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport, College Park, GA William H. Leder, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI Tomas Rivera, Dallas–Fort Worth International Airport, DFW Airport, TX Michael Shumack, Greater Orlando Aviation Authority, Orlando, FL Gerald K. Winters, Markham, ON John G. Bell, FTA Liaison M. Ashraf Jan, FAA Liaison Gil Neumann, FAA Liaison Jennifer A. Rosales, TRB Liaison auThor acKnoWledGMenTs The research reported herein was performed under ACRP Project 03­07, “A Guidebook for Measuring Performance of Automated People Mover Systems at Airports.” Lea+Elliott, Inc., was the contractor for this study, with Watchung Transportation, LLC, as a subcontractor. Christopher M. Gambla, Senior Associate of Lea+Elliott, was the Project Manager and Princi­ pal Investigator. Jack Norton, President of Lea+Elliott, was the Principal­In­Charge. Other contribu­ tors to this report were Doug Draper, CAD Specialist of Lea+Elliott; Craig W. Elliott, Project Engineer of Lea+Elliott; Dennis M. Elliott, Principal of Lea+Elliott (retired); Jack E. Joy, Associate Principal of Lea+Elliott; Charlie Martin, Principal of Lea+Elliott (retired); Sophia Mucino, Technical Documenta­ tion Specialist of Lea+Elliott; Curtis Newton, Manager of Engineering Projects of Lea+Elliott; Melinda Ring, Manager of Planning Projects of Lea+Elliott; and Rongfang (Rachel) Liu, Principal of Watchung Transportation. The research team would like to express its gratitude to the members of the project panel for their support and insightful comments throughout this research project. The research team would also like to thank the many airport staff who took the time to accommodate tours for project staff; share their insights, experience, and opinions with the research team through survey participation; and respond to follow­up inquiries. c o o p e r a t i v e r e s e a r c h p r o g r a m s

ACRP Report 37A is a guidebook for measuring performance of automated people mover (APM) systems at airports. This report, directed at airport owners and operators as well as owners and operators of APM systems, identifies, defines, and demonstrates application of a broad range of performance measures encompassing service availability, safety, operations and maintenance expense, capacity utilization, user satisfaction, and reliability. The guide­ book also identifies the data required to implement these performance measures, helping airport APM operators assess and improve performance over time, compare alternative APM systems, and plan and develop future APM systems. This report includes an appendix that documents the underlying historical research and describes the survey instrument and responses that provided information used to formulate specific performance measures. Also included in this volume, and available electronically on the ACRP Report 37A summary web page at http://www.trb.org/Main/Blurbs/166387.aspx, is a set of forms for periodically compiling the necessary data for input into the overall performance measurement process. Also available via the ACRP Report 37A summary web page is an interactive Excel model containing spreadsheets that can be used to track and calculate system­wide performance and service characteristics. This report is a companion to ACRP Report 37: Guidebook for Planning and Implementing Automated People Mover Systems at Airports. Together, these two volumes provide a com­ prehensive planning, development, operating and maintenance, and system performance manual that takes the user from initial planning and development steps through implemen­ tation, operation and maintenance, and overall performance monitoring and evaluation. Airport APM owners and operators, as well as airport owners, will find ACRP Report 37A of special interest. Typically, these parties view daily, monthly, and yearly performance measures of their APM systems in a framework within which only the system itself controls. Under this approach, delays that result from external causes, such as weather, passengers (holding doors, injuries/events on board trains, etc.), and other similar incidents beyond the control of the system are excluded from overall system evaluation. Excluding uncon­ trolled events artificially improves the performance of the APM on paper but does not represent what passengers actually experience when using the system. A good example is a significant snow event, where the airport APM may have shut down for half the operating day. Under current procedures, system availability would be reported as 100% for the entire day (assuming there were no delays during the time the system was operating) because the weather event was beyond the control of the system. A passenger, however, would not have reached the same conclusion. In contrast to this limited approach to performance evaluation, this report provides a comprehensive set of measures that describe the actual performance F o r e W o r D By Lawrence D. goldstein staff officer transportation Research Board

of airport APMs in the context of all events, regardless of the reason for those events. What is measured by applying these factors is the performance of the APM system from the passengers’ perspective, which ultimately is who the APM serves. Applicability across a broad spectrum of airport systems requires flexibility in the actual measurement parameters. An example of how this flexibility is incorporated into the guide­ book is the proposed Service Availability measure. For this performance measure, three options are provided, allowing the Service Availability metric to be calculated using the method best suited to a particular airport APM system. In addition, because the seven per­ formance measures identified in the guidebook, by themselves, do not provide the whole story when comparing the performance of one airport APM to another, the guidebook identifies six system descriptive characteristics and five service descriptive characteristics to be reported along with the performance measures. These additional characteristics provide a context for the specific measures where there are differences caused by APM configuration, technology, or other design or operating characteristics. Taken together, ACRP Reports 37 and 37A serve as a comprehensive guide for use by the airport industry to provide a safe and efficient APM system as a function of specific airport design, capacity requirements, and operational characteristics. Once implemented, the performance measures presented in this guide can be used to oversee and improve sys­ tem performance in response to both industry and user needs and requirements.

c o n t e n t s 1 summary 4 Chapter 1 Background 4 1.1 Research Approach 6 Chapter 2 introduction 6 2.1 Purpose 6 2.2 Who Should Use This Guidebook? 6 2.3 How to Use This Guidebook 7 2.4 Other ACRP Reports 8 Chapter 3 transitioning from apm planning and implementation to apm operations and maintenance 8 3.1 Recent Developments in Procuring Ongoing O&M Services 8 3.1.1 Legal Precedents 9 3.1.2 O&M Contract Durations 10 3.1.3 O&M Contract Proposer Pool 10 3.2 Procurement of O&M Services: Contractual Options 11 3.2.1 Option 1: Sole­Source Procurement of O&M Services 11 3.2.2 Option 2: Competitive Procurement of O&M Services 11 3.2.3 Option 3: In­Sourcing O&M Services to Airport Staff 12 3.2.4 Option 4: Competitive Procurement with Technical and Parts Support Sole Source Contract 12 3.3 Measurement of O&M Procurement Methodology Criteria 13 3.3.1 Measurement Factor: Cost 14 3.3.2 Measurement Factor: Risk 16 3.3.3 Measurement Factor: Other 18 3.3.4 Summary 19 3.4 O&M Contract’s Relationship to Performance Measurement 20 Chapter 4 performance measurement of apm systems at airports: the Current situation 20 4.1 Historical Performance Measurement of APM Systems at Airports 20 4.1.1 Applied Methods 22 4.1.2 Theoretical Methods 23 4.2 Characteristics of Effective Performance Measurement Systems for APM Systems at Airports 24 Chapter 5 performance measures for apm systems at airports: Recommended approach 24 5.1 System Descriptive Characteristics 24 5.1.1 Single Lane Feet of Guideway, Mainline 24 5.1.2 Single Lane Feet of Guideway, Other 24 5.1.3 Routes Operated in Maximum Service

25 5.1.4 Trip Time in Maximum Service 25 5.1.5 Stations 25 5.1.6 Vehicles in Total Fleet 25 5.2 Service Descriptive Characteristics 26 5.2.1 Passenger Trips 26 5.2.2 Vehicle Service Miles 26 5.2.3 Vehicles Operated in Maximum Service 26 5.2.4 Vehicles Available for Maximum Service 27 5.2.5 Headway in Maximum Service 27 5.3 Airport APM Performance Measures 27 5.3.1 Airport APM Performance Measure #1: Service Availability (Tier A Approach) 30 5.3.2 Airport APM Performance Measure #1: Service Availability (Tier B Approach) 34 5.3.3 Airport APM Performance Measure #1: Service Availability (Tier C Approach) 38 5.3.4 Airport APM Performance Measure #2: Safety Incidents per 1,000 Vehicle Service Miles 40 5.3.5 Airport APM Performance Measure #3: O&M Expense per Vehicle Service Mile 42 5.3.6 Airport APM Performance Measure #4: Actual and Scheduled Capacity (Peak Versus All Other) 44 5.3.7 Airport APM Performance Measure #5: Passenger Satisfaction 46 5.3.8 Airport APM Performance Measure #6: Missed Stations per 1,000 Station Stops 48 5.3.9 Airport APM Performance Measure #7: Unintended Stops per 1,000 Interstations 50 Chapter 6 other airport apm system performance measures 50 6.1 Internal Measures for Assessing and Improving Performance of Airport APM Systems 51 6.2 Measures for Planning and Designing Airport APM Systems 52 Chapter 7 implementing an airport apm performance measures program 52 7.1 Implementing an Airport APM Performance Measures Program for an Airport APM System 52 7.2 Administrative and Funding Issues 53 7.3 Airport Participation Issues 54 7.4 Data Collection and Reporting Issues 55 7.5 Conclusions 56 Bibliography 57 acronyms and abbreviations 58 Exhibit A Form a, Form B, and passenger satisfaction survey 63 Appendix A

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TRB’s Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) Report 37A: Guidebook for Measuring Performance of Automated People Mover Systems at Airports is designed to help measure the performance of automated people mover (APM) systems at airports.

The guidebook identifies, defines, and demonstrates application of a broad range of performance measures encompassing service availability, safety, operations and maintenance expense, capacity utilization, user satisfaction, and reliability.

The project that developed ACRP Report 37A developed the set of forms below that are designed to help periodically compile the necessary data for input into the overall performance measurement process.

Form A: System and Service Descriptive Characteristics

Form B: Airport APM Performance Measures Page 1 of 2

Form B: Airport APM Performance Measures Page 2 of 2

Passenger Satisfaction Survey

The project also developed an interactive Excel model containing spreadsheets that can be used to help track and calculate system-wide performance and service characteristics.

The set of forms and Excel model are only available electronically.

ACRP Report 37A is a companion to ACRP Report 37: Guidebook for Planning and Implementing Automated People Mover Systems at Airports, which includes guidance for planning and developing APM systems at airports.

In June 2012, TRB released ACRP Report 67: Airport Passenger Conveyance Systems Planning Guidebook that offers guidance on the planning and implementation of passenger conveyance systems at airports.

Disclaimer: The software linked to from this page is offered as is, without warranty or promise of support of any kind either expressed or implied. Under no circumstance will the National Academy of Sciences or the Transportation Research Board (collectively “TRB") be liable for any loss or damage caused by the installation or operation of this product. TRB makes no representation or warranty of any kind, expressed or implied, in fact or in law, including without limitation, the warranty of merchantability or the warranty of fitness for a particular purpose, and shall not in any case be liable for any consequential or special damages.

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