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75
Part II offenses ment can be used in many different settings. It is also interesting
b Fare evasion (citations) to observe what measures and processes were similar to those
b Other assaults (arrests) found in the United States.
b Trespassing (arrests) Rystam and Renolen [2.3.16] developed a guidebook for
b Vandalism (arrests) evaluating measures in public transit systems based on experi-
Other security issues ences from the evaluations of several public transit projects in
b Bomb threats Norway and Sweden. The guidelines may be used by planners,
b Nonviolent civil disturbances [2.3.13] consultants, and municipalities. The guideline is a general
document so that it can be used as a basis when evaluating
Some of these safety and security incidents that one would minor as well as major public transit systems.
see in an urban transit system, or even in an urban APM sys- Another international example of transit performance mea-
tem, might be different from what is seen in an airport APM sures came from Thailand [2.3.17]. This study dem onstrated
system. Because of this, these data should be studied further that the performance indicator analysis technique can be
to determine their applicability to airport APM systems and used as a diagnostic tool to identify operational in efficiency
how they might best be developed into effective performance and ineffectiveness at the route level of transit operation.
measures. Applying the technique to 14 bus routes of the Bangkok Mass
Transit Authority, the research revealed the inter-route differ-
ences in operational efficiency and effectiveness. The authors
2.3.3 International Practices
selected 20 performance indicators related to costs of services,
In order to identify the use of performance measures in fuel consumption, staff ratio, crew productivity, fleet utiliza-
different institutional and cultural contexts, Meyer [2.3.11] tion, service output per bus, daily revenues, and so forth to
examined the use of performance measures in three coun- represent the resource efficiency, resource effectiveness, and
tries: Australia, Japan, and New Zealand. This work repre- service effectiveness of the bus system. Results of the analyses
sented an international review on performance measures and revealed that considerable variations existed across the routes
was sponsored by the FHWA and AASHTO. After discussing against many of these 20 selected indicators.
the organizational context for the use of performance mea- Light rail transit (LRT) is the focus of another international
sures, identifying key performance measures, and making application of transit performance measures [2.3.10], which
observations on aspects of the performance-based planning may have direct implications for developing airport APM
approach used, the author highlighted performance mea- performance measures due to the common characteristics
sures related to safety, congestion, and freight movement. of the modes. Conducted by the Urban Transport Group
The paper noted the following common characteristics of of the European Conference of Ministers of Transport, this
each case: study was based on case studies and national overviews pro-
vided by the six participating countries: France, Germany,
· The use of a common framework for performance the Netherlands, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the
measurement; United States. The research traced the development of LRT;
· The importance of collaboration among different agencies reviewed policy, managerial, and technological trends; and
for performance categories that transcend one policy area; analyzed comparative cost-effectiveness. The standardized
· The use of performance measures at different levels of framework developed for the project allowed consistent
planning and decision making; comparisons of the international systems.
· The vertical integration of information flow in agencies;
· The distinction between outcomes and outputs, the
2.4Airline Performance
importance of data-collection capability, and the use of
Measurement
information technologies;
· The importance of performance measurement as a means This section is a summary of the key findings of performance
of providing greater accountability and visibility to the measurement as it relates to the airline industry. Four airline
public; and performance measurement areas are discussed in this section:
· The need for top management leadership and commitment. government-monitored measures, airport operator/airline
measures, other airport agency measures, and measures result-
The Meyer publication brought home performance mea- ing from design recommendations, standards, and levels of
surement experience taking place in three different institutional service.
and cultural contexts. The common characteristics of each Performance measures in the airline industry generally take
provide an important understanding of how such measure- two forms: financial and nonfinancial. Financial performance
