• Front Matter R1-R9

• Summary 1-4

• Chapter 1 - Introduction and Background 5-5

• 1.1 Overview of GHGs 6-7

• 1.2 Overview of Carbon Markets and Instruments 8-8

• 1.3 Carbon Projects at Airports 9-9

• 1.4 Airport Constraints as Related to Carbon Credits and Other Revenue Opportunities 10-11

• 1.4.2 Airport Layout Plan and Compatible Land Use 12-12

• 1.4.3 Use Agreements and Bond Resolutions 13-13

• 2.1 Offset Credit Origination 14-14

• 2.1.2 Methane Destruction 15-16

• 2.1.3 Land Use Changes 17-19

• 2.1.4 Industrial Pollutants 20-20

• 2.1.5 Energy Efficiency 21-22

• 2.2 Voluntary Carbon Markets and Initiatives 23-23

• 2.2.1 Offset-Based Programs 24-24

• 2.2.2 Legally Binding Voluntary Programs 25-25

• 2.3 Role of the GHG Inventory in Airport Carbon Management 26-28

• 3.1 State and Regional Regulatory Compliance Markets 29-29

• 3.1.1 Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative 30-30

• 3.1.3 Western Climate Initiative 31-31

• 3.2.2 Regulatory Approaches 32-33

• 4.1 Global Compliance Carbon Market Overview 34-35

• 4.1.1 European Union 36-36

• 4.1.2 New Zealand 37-37

• 4.1.4 Developing and Emerging Economies 38-38

• 5.1 Renewable Energy Certificates 39-40

• 5.2 REC Markets 41-45

• 5.3 Voluntary Airport Low Emission Program (VALE) 48-48

• 5.3.2 RECs and AERCs 49-50

• 6.1 Implications of Retiring and Trading Environmental Instruments 51-51

• 6.2 Overview of Carbon and Environmental Instrument Trading 52-52

• 6.2.2 Wholesale Brokers 53-53

• 6.2.3 Retail Brokers 54-54

• 6.3 Offtake Demand Drivers 55-57

• References 58-59

• Acronyms 60-61

• Glossary 62-72

• Abbreviations used without definitions in TRB publications 73-73

Ritter, Melissa, Bertelsen, Greg, Haseman, Zoe, Transportation Research Board " 1.4 Airport Constraints as Related to Carbon Credits and Other Revenue Opportunities ." ACRP Report 57: The Carbon Market: A Primer for Airports . Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2011 .

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