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agencies, giving students and professors real-world tracking helps ensure on-time performance through
application for their work. Anecdotal information on active management from the control center. The city's
the public outreach process suggests it is largely fo- master planning program is strongly connected to de-
cused on schedule of operations, mitigation of con- cisions about which BRT corridor to bring on line
struction impacts, and relocation of the urban poor, as next. Implementation of the BRT network focuses
well as working with the adjacent landowners and on connecting major activity hubs identified in the
businesses on property redevelopment and exactions. master plan and on serving streets with substantial
Planning and development projects are ultimately in- right-of-way for BRT integration. Public-private
tegrated into urban development in India because rail partnerships have been used aggressively to gain
and highways are specifically enabled by the national benefits from competition among operating compa-
constitution, but urban transport is not. nies and keep public staffing to a minimum. Offi-
In China, the central government plays a role in cials recognize that if a system is unaffordable it is
the development of sustainable public transport, in- unsustainable.
cluding BRT, metro, and clean energy technologies. In both Guangzhou and Hangzhou, the direct
Officials from Guangzhou, Hangzhou, and Shanghai service model for BRT allows for seamless transfers
indicated that the central government provides fund- between local buses and the BRT line and reduces
ing or subsidies for public transportation investment. fare-collection costs. Full integration of BRT services
Although many public transportation investments and bicycle-share stations was considered in the de-
have been financed by public funds at the national, velopment of BRT lines, allowing the stations to be
provincial, and local levels, many large-scale infra- designed to incorporate bicycles.
structure projects, such as BRT and metro systems,
have required the involvement of public-private
partnerships. Metro
Varied instruments and mechanisms were used Delhi's disciplined crowd-management proce-
to engage public participation in the planning and im- dures on metro are extremely effective at improving
plementation of BRT in Ahmedabad, Delhi, Guang- the efficiency of boarding and alighting. The city
zhou, Hangzhou, and Shanghai. In Ahmedabad, for has the first railway system in the world to be regis-
example, various media streams were used to dis- tered under the Clean Development Mechanism of
seminate information, engage the public, and solicit the United Nations Framework Convention on Cli-
input. Regular press releases were distributed by mate Change, a status that enables Delhi to claim
the city, and concerted efforts were made to promote carbon credits.
Janmarg BRT's branding among citizens. Public
In Guangzhou, three-dimensional signs depict-
events and workshops were conducted along the
ing both metro station layouts and built features sur-
corridor. Religious leaders were used as conduits
rounding the stations have made the system much
to disseminate information and answer questions.
more accessible to visitors, especially those who do
Information displays were set up at CEPT Univer-
not speak the local language.
sity and other venues. In Delhi and Guangzhou, the
public participation process was somewhat similar
to that used in Ahmedabad, but focused mainly on Bicycle-Share Programs
media and press releases. Although the degree and
extent of the public participation process in the In Guangzhou, a large pool of bicycles, number-
BRT and metro projects in Hangzhou and Shanghai ing in the thousands, was easily accessible from
was not discussed, both cities used workshops, the outset of the service. In both Guangzhou and
demonstrations, and media as means of informing Hangzhou, graduated price structures encourage use
the public. of the bicycle-share system for short trips through-
out the day. Bicycles are so easily available that lit-
tle incentive exists to steal them; they can be used
SUCCESSFUL PRACTICES for free during the first hour and for nominal sums
BRT thereafter, and they are available all over the city.
Bicycle-share stations are staffed during peak periods
In Ahmedabad, real-time bus arrival and departure to facilitate quick drop-off and to redistribute bicycles
information is available at all BRT stations, and GPS as necessary to ensure sufficient capacity.
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