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OCR for page 117
TOD and Station Access 117
Exhibit 11-2. Parking structure at a rapid transit
station (Sierra Madre Metro Station, Los Angeles).
Source: Kittelson & Associates, Inc.
development requirements and procedures, and provide criteria for evaluating competing
development proposals.
Neighborhood concerns about TOD can include resistance to changes in density, along with
concerns about spillover traffic and parking and an influx of new, perhaps different, neighbors.
These can be complex issues, but they have been addressed through the planning process with
outreach, collaborative planning, and design adaptations and, in some cases, community-based
design charrettes in which communityagency teams identify problems and seek design and
operating solutions for them.
These processes and financing actions, while they will not always work, offer the basis for
making the trade-offs and compromises often necessary to implement TOD. The value of such
actions can be assessed over the long run by tracking the implementation and operation of
local TODs.
Development Types and Sizes
The types and sizes of TOD in rapid transit station environs depend on many related factors.
These factors include land size, shape, terrain, and costs; zoning requirements; market potential;
transit ridership effects; and traffic and parking impacts. The basic types of land development
are summarized in Exhibit 11-3 and consist of the following:
· At one end of the spectrum are activities that are located within the transit station, such
as newsstands and eating establishments that draw their patrons from people traveling to
OCR for page 118
118 Guidelines for Providing Access to Public Transportation Stations
Exhibit 11-3. Basic types of TOD.
Large Scale
Commercial Commercial Commercial Central
Residential Mega-Center
within on Adjacent or Mixed-Use Business
Development (or Town
Station Streets Development District
Center)
Location Within, above, Around station Area Area adjacent Area adjacent City center and
or below surrounding to and to and environs
station station surrounding surrounding
station station
Town Center
Activities Convenience Convenience Mainly trips to GAF retail Retail Retail
retail retail work/school Office Office Office
Fast food Eating Shop Some Residential Government
establishments establishments residential Some
Office: residential
above/below
station
Examples Grand Central Metro-North Francisco Lenox Square, Central City, Downtown
Station, NY Westport Station, Brown Atlanta Los Angeles Boston
Metro-North Station, CT Line, Chicago Downtown San
New Haven Francisco
Station, CT
Transit Mainly existing Mainly existing Some new Some new Could attract Would attract
Ridership riders riders riders riders, mainly considerable considerable
from new new transit new transit
residential riders riders
areas
Traffic & Minimum Minimum Some, however Could require Considerable, Considerable.
Parking residential garages to would need Best strategy is
Impacts parking can be accommodate adequate to limit CBD
removed from top patrons, development employee
station parking likely increase space and parking
in street traffic addition to expansion
volume parking supply
or from trains. These activities generate few, if any, traffic, parking, or transit ridership
impacts.
· Next in size are small convenience retail stores and eating establishments located along streets
that front the transit station. In most cases, these activities also generate minimal impacts.
· Residential developments that are located near stations may generate rapid transit trips, especially
where transit provides fast and frequent service to the city centers. Parking requirements are
linked to non-work travel requirements, since the work trip is likely to be made by rapid transit.
· Retail and mixed-use developments around stations require parking space beyond that
normally provided by park-and-ride facilities. A common practice is to increase the avail-
able parking space by building garages serving both development visitors and commuters.
Increased traffic volumes usually call for roadway improvements. These developments can
generate increased transit ridership and can also enhance the pedestrian environment for
existing passengers (Exhibit 11-4 and Exhibit 11-5 show examples of development adjacent
to rail stations).
· Large scale mega-center developments have the combined effects of increasing both transit rider
ship and parking. A planning challenge is making them both transit- and pedestrian-friendly.
