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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Handbook for Considering Practical Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Strategies for Airports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14616.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Handbook for Considering Practical Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Strategies for Airports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14616.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Handbook for Considering Practical Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Strategies for Airports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14616.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Handbook for Considering Practical Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Strategies for Airports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14616.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Handbook for Considering Practical Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Strategies for Airports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14616.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Handbook for Considering Practical Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Strategies for Airports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14616.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Handbook for Considering Practical Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Strategies for Airports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14616.
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Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

TRANSPORTAT ION RESEARCH BOARD WASHINGTON, D.C. 2011 www.TRB.org A I R P O R T C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M ACRP REPORT 56 Research sponsored by the Federal Aviation Administration Subscriber Categories Aviation • Energy • Environment Handbook for Considering Practical Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Strategies for Airports CDM Cambridge, MA I N P A R T N E R S H I P W I T H Synergy Consultants, Inc. Wareham, MA

AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM Airports are vital national resources. They serve a key role in trans- portation of people and goods and in regional, national, and inter- national commerce. They are where the nation’s aviation system connects with other modes of transportation and where federal respon- sibility for managing and regulating air traffic operations intersects with the role of state and local governments that own and operate most airports. Research is necessary to solve common operating problems, to adapt appropriate new technologies from other industries, and to introduce innovations into the airport industry. The Airport Coopera- tive Research Program (ACRP) serves as one of the principal means by which the airport industry can develop innovative near-term solutions to meet demands placed on it. The need for ACRP was identified in TRB Special Report 272: Airport Research Needs: Cooperative Solutions in 2003, based on a study spon- sored by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). The ACRP carries out applied research on problems that are shared by airport operating agencies and are not being adequately addressed by existing federal research programs. It is modeled after the successful National Coopera- tive Highway Research Program and Transit Cooperative Research Pro- gram. The ACRP undertakes research and other technical activities in a variety of airport subject areas, including design, construction, mainte- nance, operations, safety, security, policy, planning, human resources, and administration. The ACRP provides a forum where airport opera- tors can cooperatively address common operational problems. The ACRP was authorized in December 2003 as part of the Vision 100-Century of Aviation Reauthorization Act. The primary partici- pants in the ACRP are (1) an independent governing board, the ACRP Oversight Committee (AOC), appointed by the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Transportation with representation from airport oper- ating agencies, other stakeholders, and relevant industry organizations such as the Airports Council International-North America (ACI-NA), the American Association of Airport Executives (AAAE), the National Association of State Aviation Officials (NASAO), and the Air Transport Association (ATA) as vital links to the airport community; (2) the TRB as program manager and secretariat for the governing board; and (3) the FAA as program sponsor. In October 2005, the FAA executed a contract with the National Academies formally initiating the program. The ACRP benefits from the cooperation and participation of airport professionals, air carriers, shippers, state and local government officials, equipment and service suppliers, other airport users, and research orga- nizations. Each of these participants has different interests and respon- sibilities, and each is an integral part of this cooperative research effort. Research problem statements for the ACRP are solicited periodically but may be submitted to the TRB by anyone at any time. It is the responsibility of the AOC to formulate the research program by iden- tifying the highest priority projects and defining funding levels and expected products. Once selected, each ACRP project is assigned to an expert panel, appointed by the TRB. Panels include experienced practitioners and research specialists; heavy emphasis is placed on including airport pro- fessionals, the intended users of the research products. The panels pre- pare project statements (requests for proposals), select contractors, and provide technical guidance and counsel throughout the life of the project. The process for developing research problem statements and selecting research agencies has been used by TRB in managing cooper- ative research programs since 1962. As in other TRB activities, ACRP project panels serve voluntarily without compensation. Primary emphasis is placed on disseminating ACRP results to the intended end-users of the research: airport operating agencies, service providers, and suppliers. The ACRP produces a series of research reports for use by airport operators, local agencies, the FAA, and other interested parties, and industry associations may arrange for work- shops, training aids, field visits, and other activities to ensure that results are implemented by airport-industry practitioners. ACRP REPORT 56 Project 02-10 ISSN 1935-9802 ISBN 978-0-309-21369-1 Library of Congress Control Number 2011941723 © 2011 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. COPYRIGHT INFORMATION Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB or FAA endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from CRP. NOTICE The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the Airport Cooperative Research Program, conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the approval of the Governing Board of the National Research Council. The members of the technical panel selected to monitor this project and to review this report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance. The report was reviewed by the technical panel and accepted for publication according to procedures established and overseen by the Transportation Research Board and approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council. The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the researchers who performed the research and are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board, the National Research Council, or the program sponsors. The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, the National Research Council, and the sponsors of the Airport Cooperative Research Program do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the object of the report. Published reports of the AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM are available from: Transportation Research Board Business Office 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 and can be ordered through the Internet at http://www.national-academies.org/trb/bookstore Printed in the United States of America

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. On the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, on its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council. The Transportation Research Board is one of six major divisions of the National Research Council. The mission of the Transporta- tion Research Board is to provide leadership in transportation innovation and progress through research and information exchange, conducted within a setting that is objective, interdisciplinary, and multimodal. The Board’s varied activities annually engage about 7,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is supported by state transportation departments, federal agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individu- als interested in the development of transportation. www.TRB.org www.national-academies.org

CRP STAFF FOR ACRP REPORT 56 Christopher W. Jenks, Director, Cooperative Research Programs Crawford F. Jencks, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs Michael R. Salamone, ACRP Manager Theresia H. Schatz, Senior Program Officer Joseph J. Brown-Snell, Program Associate Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications Natalie Barnes, Senior Editor ACRP PROJECT 02-10 PANEL Field of Environment Patti J. Clark, CH2M HILL, Jacksonville, FL (Chair) Karen Hancock, City of Aurora, Aurora, CO Diane Heinze, Port of Oakland, Oakland, CA Meenakshi Singh, Cleveland Airport System, Cleveland, OH Jim Stanislaski, Gensler, Boston, MA Nathan Brown, FAA Liaison Edward J. Laughlin, US Government Accountability Office Liaison Kevin W. Welsh, Air Transport Association of America, Inc. Liaison Christine Gerencher, TRB Liaison C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M S

ACRP Report 56: Handbook for Considering Practical Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Strategies for Airports is a handbook and decision support tool that assists airport operators in identifying, evaluating, prioritizing, and implementing practical, low-cost strategies to reduce and manage greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The handbook and AirportGEAR, the interactive decision support tool developed in the research as a companion to the hand- book, consider a range of strategies that can be implemented by all types of airports— regardless of size, geography, or resources—either directly or in partnership with airport stakeholders, including airlines, airport tenants, and host communities. A user’s manual to guide the user through the decision support tool is also included. In addition, fact sheets, which are the foundation and data source for the tool and provide pertinent information to implement the reduction strategies, and a presentation, which provides awareness training materials that can be used by airports to educate and inform stakeholders, were developed. The decision support tool, the user’s manual, the fact sheets, and the presentation are available on the attached CD-ROM. The user’s manual is also printed in this report for ease of access. There is increasing concern over aviation’s contribution to greenhouse gas (GHG) emis- sions and associated environmental impacts affecting airports and the aviation industry. As environmental pressures continue to increase nationwide, it is imperative that airports take every opportunity to reduce their carbon footprint. The report will assist airports, airlines, and airport tenants in reducing their GHG emis- sions by identifying practical, low-cost solutions and assisting them in better serving their passengers, customers, and host communities. This handbook and decision support tool identifies and evaluates best practices that airports can voluntarily implement. Available resources were investigated and reviewed to gather information on proven and innovative measures for reducing airport-related GHG emissions. The research team doc- umented the wide range of strategies for airport operators to reduce emissions of GHG asso- ciated with typical airport activity and compiled a list of 125 practices in 12 categories for use in the airport setting. The decision support tool was developed and field tested at a variety of airports of different sizes and geographic locations that provided suggested improvements. A report documenting the research method used to develop the handbook, fact sheets, and decision support tool has been posted on the ACRP Project 02-10 web page of the TRB website (http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=2573). F O R E W O R D By Theresia H. Schatz Staff Officer Transportation Research Board

1 Summary 13 SECTION I Introduction and Purpose of the Research 17 SECTION II Development of the Fact Sheets 17 II.1 Strategy Categories 18 II.2 Evaluation Criteria 19 II.2.1 Financial Considerations 20 II.2.2 Implementation Considerations 21 II.2.3 Potential Impacts 24 II.3 Fact Sheet Organization 24 II.3.1 Page 1, Strategy Description 24 II.3.2 Page 2, Details of Evaluation Criteria Results 26 II.3.3 Page 3, Attributes 28 II.3.4 Page 4, Additional Information 30 SECTION III How to Use the Handbook, Fact Sheets, and AirportGEAR 30 III.1 How to Use This Handbook and the Fact Sheets 31 III.1.1 Gain Familiarity with Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Strategies 31 III.1.2 Identify Issues Associated with a Specific Strategy or Groups of Strategies 32 III.1.3 Identify and Select Strategies that Have the Greatest Ability to Achieve a Desired Objective 33 III.2 Example Uses of the Fact Sheets 33 III.2.1 Gain Familiarity With Types of Strategies 34 III.2.2 Identify Issues Associated with a Specific Strategy 37 III.2.3 Identify and Select Strategies with the Greatest Ability to Achieve an Objective 39 III.3 How to Use AirportGEAR 39 III.3.1 AirportGEAR Features 50 III.3.2 Examples of Uses of AirportGEAR 55 SECTION IV Greenhouse Gas Accounting Principles and Other Considerations 55 IV.1 Sources of Airport-Related Greenhouse Gas Emissions 55 IV.1.1 Traditional Greenhouse Gas Emission Sources at Airports 56 IV.1.2 Non-traditional Greenhouse Gas Emission Sources at Airports 56 IV.2 Boundaries of Airport Greenhouse Gas Inventories 56 IV.2.1 Organizational Structure 57 IV.2.2 Operational Boundaries C O N T E N T S

58 IV.3 Mitigation vs. Offsetting 59 IV.4 Relationship Between Greenhouse Gas Reduction and Other Airport Documents, Processes, and Programs 59 IV.4.1 Financial Issues and Grant Assurances 61 IV.4.2 Planning and Development, including Capital Improvement Projects 62 IV.4.3 Airport Energy Management and Operational Practices 62 IV.5 Importance of Coordination with Tenants and Other Stakeholders 63 IV.6 Regulations and Voluntary Reporting and Mitigation 63 IV.6.1 Current Regulations and Requirements 65 IV.6.2 Potential Future Regulations and Requirements A-1 Appendix A Fact Sheets B-i Appendix B AirportGEAR User’s Manual C-1 Appendix C Awareness Presentation Note: Many of the photographs, figures, and tables in this report have been converted from color to grayscale for printing. The electronic version of the report (posted on the Web at www.trb.org) retains the color versions.

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TRB’s Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) Report 56: Handbook for Considering Practical Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Strategies for Airports is designed to assist airport operators in identifying, evaluating, prioritizing, and implementing practical, low-cost strategies to reduce and manage greenhouse gas emissions.

AirportGEAR, an interactive decision support tool developed as a companion to the handbook, considers a range of strategies that can be implemented by all types of airports—regardless of size, geography, or resources—either directly or in partnership with airport stakeholders, including airlines, airport tenants, and host communities. AirportGEAR is on a CD-ROM that is included with the print version of ACRP Report 56.

The CD-ROM is also available for download as an ISO image. Links to the ISO image and instructions for burning a CD-ROM from an ISO image are provided below.

Help on Burning an .ISO CD-ROM Image

Download the .ISO CD-ROM Image

(Warning: This is a large file and may take some time to download using a high-speed connection.)

CD-ROM Disclaimer - This software is offered as is, without warranty or promise of support of any kind either expressed or implied. Under no circumstance will the National Academy of Sciences or the Transportation Research Board (collectively “TRB’) be liable for any loss or damage caused by the installation or operation of this product. TRB makes no representation or warranty of any kind, expressed or implied, in fact or in law, including without limitation, the warranty of merchantability or the warranty of fitness for a particular purpose, and shall not in any case be liable for any consequential or special damages.

A report documenting the research method used to develop the handbook, fact sheets, and decision support tool is available for download.

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