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activities" (Horvath 2004). This demonstrates that The case studies were identified after a review of
environmental sustainability research that is related the available literature and responses to the survey,
specifically to post-construction operations is an along with input and recommendations of candidates
emerging field. Thus, the first conclusion reached in familiar to the synthesis panel. Although there is
this synthesis is that there is an immediate need for limited available data and the field is relatively new,
maintenance-specific research to provide agency case studies were found that highlight each of the
pavement maintenance engineers with the fundamen- environmental factors
tal data on the relative environmental sustainability of
common treatments and preservation programs. Opportunities to Implement Sustainability
A survey was issued to the state and provincial in Maintenance
maintenance engineers in the United States and
Canada (see web-only Appendixes A and B for The literature is rich with information on sustain-
details). A general survey on sustainable pavement able practices that can and have been applied to
highway design and construction, although not to
preservation and maintenance practices provided 49
maintenance. Each study represents an opportunity
responses from 42 U.S. state DOTs and 7 Canadian
for maintenance engineers to potentially adopt aspects
provincial ministries of transportation shown in Fig- of the sustainable practices in maintenance and preser-
ure 2. This corresponds to an individual response rate vation. In other cases, the identified sustainable prac-
of 84% for the United States and 70% for Canada. tices will likely need to be adapted or altered before
The survey also received responses from three U.S. their use in pavement preservation and maintenance
counties; however, the number of responses from applications. Table 1 consolidates the information
nonstate-level agencies was small and they are not found in the literature and extends each study's result
included in the analysis. This analysis separated the to possible pavement preservation and maintenance
U.S. and Canadian responses to account for the dif- applications. In most cases, the possible application
ference in the construction contracting regulatory was mentioned in the cited report or paper, and the
environment that exists in both countries. Addition- mention took the form of a recommendation for addi-
ally, information from the international agencies is tional research to validate the concept. The report by
added as appropriate throughout the synthesis. Denevillers (2010) detailed actual field testing of
Figure 2 Survey responses.
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Table 1 Alternative, recycled, and renewable highway design and construction literature review results
Material/ Literature Possible Preservation Possible Maintenance
Technique Cited Uses Uses Remarks
Bio-fluxing Denevillers · Prime coat · Overlay tack coat Trade name is Vegeflux®
Agent (2010) · Chip seals · Cold mix
· Microsurfacing · Warm mix
Bio-binder Denevillers · Chip seals · Cold in-place recycling Trade name is Vegecol®
(2010) · Microsurfacing · Chip seals
· Road marking
Recycled Con- Gardner and · Whitetopping · Full-depth patching RCA acts to sequester
crete Aggre- Greenwood · Partial-depth patching CO2 in addition to
gate (RCA) (2008) recycling
Recycled Glass Melton and · Untried · Unbound base courses Potential use on gravel
Gravel Morgan roads
(1996)
Fly Ash MnDOT · Microsurfacing · Concrete maintenance Widely used in a variety
(2005) mineral filler mixes of products
· Slurry seal · Microsurfacing
mineral filler
Bottom Ash Carpenter and · Microsurfacing · Subase under gravel
Gardner mineral filler surface
(2007)
Flue Gas Benson and · Microsurfacing · Concrete maintenance
Desulpheriza- Edil (2009) mineral filler mixes
tion Gypsum · Slurry seal
mineral filler
Kiln Dust MnDOT · Prime coat · Prime coat
(2005) · Microsurfacing · Microsurfacing
Baghouse Fines ISSA (2010) · Microsurfacing · Untried
mineral filler
· Slurry seal
mineral filler
Crushed Slag Chappat and · Chip seal · Special binder road
Bilal (2003) aggregate mix
Ultra-High Pidwerbesky · Restore macro- · Retexture chip sealed Uses no virgin material
Pressure and Waters texture on chip roads prior to resealing and the sludge can be
Water Cutter (2007) seals recycled as precoating
for chip seal aggregates
Shotblasting Transport · Restore micro- · Restore skid resistance Uses no virgin material
Canada texture on on resealed PCC and the steel shot is
(2003) polished HMA bridge decks recycled for reuse in
and PCC the process
pavements
Recycled Motor Waters · Dust palliative · Otta seal as surface Motor oil is refined before
Oil (2009) · Otta seals course use
Recycled Tire Beatty et al. · Chip seals · Chip seals Also found to reduce road
Rubber (2002) · Thin overlays · Thin overlays noise
HMA = hot-mix asphalts; PCC = portland concrete cement.
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